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ボッシュ自動車ハンドブック version 11, 2022

Automotive Handbook May 2, 2022

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Acoustics, p.66

Table 1. Quantities and units

上記よりNoise indecies, Loudness, Sound exposure level などが増えている。

General terminology

Sound

Ultrasound

Infrasound

Sound pressure

Particle velocity

Specific acoustic impedance

Hearing dynamics

Decibel, dB

Frequency

Velocity of sound

Table 2 Sound velocities and wavelengths in different materials

Wavelength

Propagation of sound

Sound power

Sound intensity

Doppler effect

Sound spectrum

Octave band spectrum

Third-octave band Spectrum

Narrow band spectrum

Sound insulation

Sound damping, sound absorption

Sound absouption coefficient

Low-noise design

Noise reduction

Measured quantities for noise emissions

Sound power level

Sound pressure level

Sound intensity level

Interaction of two or more sound sources

Table 3, Overall sound level with superimposition of independent sound fields

Measured quantities for noise immissions

Excessive noise

Rating sound level

Energy-equivalent continuous sound level

Table 4, Guide values for parmissible noise pollution as per TL Noise

Noise indices

Sound exposure level

Perceived sound level

Figure 1. Frequency-dependent correction values for the sound level to take into account human hearing

Loudness level

Phon

Figure 2 Isophone curve inacc with DIN ISO 226 with an allocation of noises(examples)

Loudness in "sone"

Pitch, sharpness

Articulation index

Reference

[1] DIN 1320, Accoustics - Terminology

IEC 60050-801:1994/AMD4:2021 Amendment 4 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 801: Acoustics and electroacoustics

関連規格は、追加改定を４度している。何を追加したか確認するとよい。

[2] DIN EN ISO 80000-8 Quantities and units Part8: Acoustics

2007年版を参照していないか確認するとよい。

[3] DIN EN 61260 Electroacoustics Octave band and fractional octave band filters

本規格はIEC。

IEC 61260-1:2014 Electroacoustics - Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters - Part 1: Specifications

[4] B. Lenze, Einfuhrung in die Fourier Analysis 3rd Ed. Logos Verlag, Berlin, 2000

[5] DIN 45645-1, Determination of rating levels from measurement data, Part 1 Noise immission in the neighbourhood

[6] DIN 45641 Averaging of sound levels.

[7] Sixth Generation Administrative Regulation on the Federal Immission Protection Law(Technical instructions on Noise Abatement - TL Noise ) of 26 August 1998 (GMBL No. 26/1998 p.503)

[8] Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise

[9] DIN ISO 226 Acoustics - Normal equal loudness level contours

ISO 226:2003 Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours

DIS 226

Bibliography

[9]-[1] ISO 532-1, Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 1: Zwicker method

Bibliography
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[9]-[1]-[4] ISO 1996-1, Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment procedures
[9]-[1]-[5] ISO 3740, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Guidelines for the use of basic standards
[9]-[1]-[6] ISO 9612, Acoustics — Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method

[9]-[1]-[6]-[1] ISO 4869-2, Acoustics — Hearing protectors — Part 2: Estimation of effective A-weighted sound pressure levels when hearing protectors are worn
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[9]-[1]-[6]-[4] ISO 11202, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Measurement of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections
[9]-[1]-[6]-[5] ISO 11203, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level
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[9]-[2] ISO 532-2, Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method

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[9]-[2]-[6] ISO 9612, Acoustics — Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method
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[9]-[2]-[8] ISO 11904-1:2002, Acoustics — Determination of sound immission from sound sources placed close to the ear — Part 1: Technique using a microphone in a real ear (MIRE technique)
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[9]-[3] ECMA-418-2, Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment —Part 2 (models based on human perception)

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89. Zwicker, E., and Feldtkeller, R. (1967). Das Ohr als Nachrichtenempfänger (Hirzel-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany). English translation by H. Müsch, S. Buus, and M. Florentine, The Ear as a Communication Receiver (Acoustical Society of America, Woodbury, NY, 1999).
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[9]-[5] Kirk B., Hørestyrke og genevirkning af infralyd. Institute of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, 1983, pp. 1-111 (in Danish) ISSN 0106-0791
[9]-[6] Møller H., Andresen J., Loudness of pure tones at low and infrasonic frequencies. J. Low Freq. Noise and Vib., 3, 1984, pp. 78-87
[9]-[7] Betke K., Mellert V., New measurements of equal-loudness level contours. Proc. Inter-noise 89. 1989, pp. 793-796
[9]-[8] Suzuki S., Suzuki Y., Kono S., Sone T., Kumagai M., Miura H., Kado H., Equal-loudness level contours for pure tone under free field listening condition (I) — Some data and considerations on experimental conditions. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E), 10, 1989, pp. 329-338
[9]-[9] Fastl H., Jaroszewski A., Shorer E., Zwicker E., Equal loudness contours between 100 and 1000 Hz for 30, 50, and 70 phon. Acustica, 70, 1990, pp. 197-201
[9]-[10] Watanabe T., Møller H., Hearing threshold and equal loudness contours in free field at frequencies below 1 kHz. J. Low Freq. Noise and Vib., 9, 1990, pp. 135-148; Watanabe, T, Møller, H. Low frequency hearing thresholds in pressure field and in free field. J. Low Freq. Noise Vibr., 9, 1990, pp. 106-115
[9]-[11] Poulsen T., Thøgersen L., Hearing threshold and equal loudness level contours in a free sound field for pure tones from 1 kHz to 16 kHz. Proc. Nordic Acoust. Meeting, 1994, pp. 195-198
[9]-[12] Lydolf M., Møller H., New measurements of the threshold of hearing and equal-loudness contours at low frequencies. Proceedings of the 8th International meeting on Low Frequency Noise and Vibration, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1997, pp. 76-84
[9]-[13] Takeshima H., Suzuki Y., Kumagai M., Sone T., Fujimori T., Miura H., Equal-loudness level measured with the method of constant stimuli — Equal-loudness level contours for pure tone under free-field listening condition (II). J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E), 18, 1997, pp. 337-340
[9]-[14] Bellmann M.A., Mellert V., Reckhardt C., Remmers H., Sound and vibration at low frequencies. Joint meeting of ASA, EAA and DAGA, 1999, Berlin, Germany. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 105, 1999, p. 1297
[9]-[15] Takeshima H., Suzuki Y., Fujii H., Kumagai M., Ashihara K., Fujimori T., Sone T., Equal-loudness contours measured by the randomized maximum likelihood sequential procedure. Acustica — acta acustica, 87, 2001, pp. 389-399
[9]-[16] Takeshima H., Suzuki Y., Ashihara K., Fujimori T., Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons. Acoust. Sci. Tech., 23, 2002, pp. 106-109
[9]-[17] ISO/TC 43/WG 1 Threshold of hearing, Preferred test conditions for determining hearing thresholds for standardization. Scand. Audiol., 25, 1996, pp. 45-52
[9]-[18] Zwislocki J.J., Hellman R.P., On the psychophysical law. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 32, 1960, p. 924
[9]-[19] Lochner J.P.A., Burger J.F., Form of the loudness function in the presence of masking noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 33, 1961, pp. 1705-1707
[9]-[20] Humes L.E., Jesteadt W., Models of the effects of threshold on loudness growth and summation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 90, 1991, pp. 1933-1943
[9]-[21] Atteneave F., Perception and related areas. A study of science. Vol. 4, Koch S., (ed.), McGraw Hill, New York, 1962
[9]-[22] Zwislocki J.J., Group and individual relations between sensation magnitudes and their numerical estimates. Perception Psychophysics, 33, 1983, pp. 460-468
[9]-[23] Robinson D.W., Dadson M.A., A re-determination of the equal-loudness relations for pure tones. British J. Appl. Phy., 7, 1956, pp. 166-181
[9]-[24] Teranishi R., Study about measurement of loudness on the problems of minimum audible sound. Researches of the Electrotechnical laboratory, No. 658, Tokyo, Japan, 1965
[9]-[25] Brinkmann K., Audiometer-Bezugsschwelle und Freifeld-Hörschwelle. Acustica, 28, 1973, pp. 147-154
[9]-[26] Vorländer M., Freifeld-Hörschwellen von 8 kHz -16 kHz. Fortschritte der Akustik — DAGA '91, Bad Honnef, DPG-GmbH, 1991, pp. 533-536
[9]-[27] Poulsen T., Han L.A., The binaural free field hearing threshold for pure tones from 125 Hz to 16 kHz. Acustica — acta acustica, 86, 2000, pp. 333-337
[9]-[28] Zwicker E., Psychoakustik. Hochschultext, Springer, Berlin 1982
[9]-[29] Takeshima H., Suzuki Y., Kumagai M., Sone T., Fujimori T., Miura H., Threshold of hearing for pure tone under free-field listening conditions. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E), 15, 1994, pp. 159-169

[10] DIN 45631 Calculation of loudness level and loudness from the sound spectrum - Zwicker method

ISO 532-1

[7] ISO 11200, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Guidelines for the use of basic standards for the determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3741, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for reverberation test rooms
ISO 3743-1, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for small movable sources in reverberant fields — Part 1: Comparison method for a hard-walled test room
ISO 3743-2, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields — Part 2: Methods for special reverberation test rooms
ISO 3744, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane
ISO 3745, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Precision methods for anechoic rooms and hemi-anechoic rooms
ISO 3746, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane
ISO 3747, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering/survey methods for use in situ in a reverberant environment
ISO 9614-1, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity — Part 1: Measurement at discrete points
ISO 9614-2, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity — Part 2: Measurement by scanning
ISO 9614-3, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity — Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning
ISO 11201:2010, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections
ISO 11202:2010, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections
ISO 11203, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions from the sound power level
ISO 11204:2010, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying accurate environmental corrections
ISO 11205, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Engineering method for the determination of emission sound pressure levels in situ at the work station and at other specified positions using sound intensity
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)
IEC 60942, Electroacoustics — Sound calibrators
IEC 61043, Electroacoustics — Instruments for the measurement of sound intensity — Measurement with pairs of pressure sensing microphones
IEC 61260, Electroacoustics — Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters
IEC 61672-1, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications

Bibliography

[7]-[1] ISO 1996-1, Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment procedures
[7]-[2] ISO 3740, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources — Guidelines for the use of basic standards
[7]-[3] ISO 4871, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment
[7]-[4] ISO 9612, Acoustics — Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method
[7]-[5] ISO/TR 11690-3, Acoustics — Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces containing machinery — Part 3: Sound propagation and noise prediction in workrooms
[7]-[6] ISO 12001, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Rules for the drafting and presentation of a noise test code

[8] ISO 80000-8:2007, Quantities and units — Part 8: Acoustics
[9] ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)
[10] IEC 60050-702:1992, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Chapter 702: Oscillations, signals and related devices
[11] IEC/TS 60318-7, Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear – Part 7: Head and torso simulator for the measurement of hearing
[12] DIN 45631:1991, Berechnung des Lautstärkepegels und der Lautheit aus dem Geräuschspektrum; Verfahren nach E. Zwicker (Calculation of loudness level and loudness from the sound spectrum; Zwicker method)
[13] DIN 45631/A1:2010, Berechnung des Lautstärkepegels und der Lautheit aus dem Geräuschspektrum – Verfahren nach E. Zwicker – Änderung 1: Berechnung der Lautheit zeitvarianter Geräusche (Calculation of loudness level and loudness from the sound spectrum – Zwicker method – Amendment 1: Calculation of the loudness of time-variant sound)
[14] Fastl H., Zwicker E., Psychoacoustics – Facts and Models. Springer, Berlin, Third Edition, 2007
[15] Sottek R., Genuit K., Progresses in standardizing loudness of time-variant sounds. Fortschritte der Akustik – DAGA ’13, Merano, 2013
[16] Schlittenlacher J., Hashimoto T., Kuwano S., Namba S., Overall loudness of short time-varying sounds. Internoise 2014, Melbourne, Australia, 2014
[17] Fiebig A., Sottek R., Contribution of peak events to overall loudness. Acta Acust. United Acust. 2015, 101 pp. 1116–1129
[18] German patent DE 3709397C2, 1987
[19] Ellermeier W., Sivonen V.P., Richtungsabhängigkeit binauraler Lautheit. Fortschritte der Akustik – DAGA ’06. Braunschweig, 2006
[20] Schlittenlacher J., Hashimoto T., Fastl H., Namba S., Kuwano S., Hatano S., Loudness of pink noise and stationary technical sounds. Proc. Internoise 2011, Osaka, Japan, 2011, pp. 2314–2318
[21] Sottek R., Psychoakustische Bewertung von Fahrzeuggeräuschen. Fortschritte der Akustik – DAGA ’14, Oldenburg, 2014
[22] Zwicker E., Subdivision of the audible frequency range into critical bands (Frequenzgruppen). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1961, 33 (2) p. 248

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