AUTOSAR CountdownAdvent Calendar 2022

@kaizen_nagoya(Dr. Kiyoshi Ogawa)

RadiusのRFCを読む。無線網(Wi-Fi) 空中線(Antenna）(61)

Last updated at 2025-07-05Posted at 2019-02-11

Radius
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS
「このページは著作権侵害のおそれが指摘されており、事実関係の調査が依頼されています。」

転載元はよく知らない。 IETFのRFC(request for commnet)だけからの理解をするために、まずRFCを読む

読む目的によって、全部読むか、全部に加えてそれぞれのRFCで参照しているRFCも全部読むか、現在有効な文書だけ読むか、現在重要な文書だけ読むかの4種類を想定

＜この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。＞

重要な文書だけ読む

RADIUSの著名な書籍を読み、その参考文献、引用しているRFCだけ読む。
この方法だと、今回の目的のうち、RFCだけから理解するという作業にならなくなってしまう。

現在有効な文書だけ読む

下記検索結果からObsolatedとなっているもの以外を読む。
ここから始める。

まず、表題にRADIUSの文字があるものだけ最初に読む(1)。

RFC editor search
https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php

読んだものからURLをつける。

少し作業を進めてみると、
RFC2865,2866, 2867, 2868, 2869の5文書が中核文書だと思ってもいいかもしれない。

もし、構造が変わるのであれば、前の文書をObsolateして、新しい文書番号をつけるはずだから。
（どんどん新しい文書にしていくものと、古い文書を大切にしてUpdateするものもあるかもしれず、かならずしも新番号がつかなければ中核とは限らないかもしれない。）

Radius RFCを全部読む

RFC Editor Searchで、Rasiusで検索した結果が下記。
他の通信規約の場合に、略称が全く出てこない文章もあったような気がする。
全部読む過程で、関連文書、変更文書などが、この一覧にないかを確認する。

Radius RFCで参照しているRFCも読む

ReferenceのRFCを理解していないと、本質的な事項がわからないかもしれない。

例えば、
[4] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August 1980.
はTCPと共存する通信規約で重要である。TCPの上で動くか、UDPの上で動くかで、上の規約の特徴が生きるかどうかがかかっている本質的な参照と、部分的な調整上で参照しているRFCでは必読度が違うかもしれない。
今回は、参照通信規約の重み付けは行なっていない。（重要度を評価するほど理解していない）

参考資料(reference)

RADIUSプロトコル概要
https://qiita.com/noppe78/items/2fb87f45200ad09195ec

シングル構成のRADIUSサーバを、HA環境に移行した時のメモ
https://qiita.com/nagase/items/8316e02f16acf4567326

SoftEther + (Radius + Google-Authenticator) でMFA認証VPN
https://qiita.com/m0559reen/items/87d86968f5cc36fbff1c

OneLoginのRADIUSを使ってAWS WorkSpacesのMFAを実現したときに詰まったところ
https://qiita.com/14kw/items/f2b7790a57b06e292810

Cisco WLC と FreeRADIUS を利用した EAP-TLS認証
https://qiita.com/haruca_tech/items/a9cf4a9168f325e65513

FreeRADIUS
https://qiita.com/eiuemura/items/3dcad222a9a295359b10

EC2上にRADIUSサーバを構築する手順
https://qiita.com/tokino/items/e9e17ec6f253e86bff4e

一覧(list)

Best Current Practice: B.C.P.
Draft Standard: D.S.
Experimental: Exp.
Informational: Inf.
Proposed Standard: P.S.

RFC 2865

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2865.txt C. Rigney, S. Willens, A. Rubens, W. Simpson June 2000 Errata, Obsoletes RFC 2138, Updated by RFC 2868, RFC 3575, RFC 5080, RFC 6929, RFC 8044 Draft Standard

References

[1] Rigney, C., Rubens, A., Simpson, W. and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2138, April 1997.
[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March, 1997.
[3] Rivest, R. and S. Dusse, "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, April 1992.
[4] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August 1980.
[5] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[6] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994.
[7] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
[8] Aboba, B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 2486, January 1999.
[9] Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., and Speciner, M., "Network Security: Private Communications in a Public World", Prentice Hall, March 1995, ISBN 0-13-061466-1.
[10] Jacobson, V., "Compressing TCP/IP headers for low-speed serial links", RFC 1144, February 1990.
[11] ISO 8859. International Standard -- Information Processing -- 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets -- Part 1: Latin Alphabet No. 1, ISO 8859-1:1987.
[12] Sklower, K., Lloyd, B., McGregor, G., Carr, D. and T. Coradetti, "The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)", RFC 1990, August 1996.
[13] Alvestrand, H. and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[14] Galvin, J., McCloghrie, K. and J. Davin, "SNMP Security Protocols", RFC 1352, July 1992.
[15] Dobbertin, H., "The Status of MD5 After a Recent Attack", CryptoBytes Vol.2 No.2, Summer 1996.

RFC 2866

RFC 2866 RADIUS Accounting https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2866.txt C. Rigney June 2000Errata, Obsoletes RFC 2139, Updated by RFC 2867, RFC 5080, RFC 5997 Informational

References

[1] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2139, April 1997.
[2] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A. and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March, 1997.
[4] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August 1980.
[5] Rivest, R. and S. Dusse, "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC1321, April 1992.
[6] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994.
[7] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC2279, January 1998.
[8] Alvestrand, H. and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.

RFC 2867

RFC 2867 RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Supporthttps://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2867.txt G. Zorn, B. Aboba, D. Mitton June 2000 Errata, Updates RFC 2866 Inf.

References

[1] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[3] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M. and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, June 2000.
[4] Townsley, W., Valencia, A., Rubens, A., Pall, G., Zorn, G. and B. Palter, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"", RFC 2661, August 1999.
[5] Hamzeh, K., Pall, G., Verthein, W., Taarud, J., Little, W. and G. Zorn, "Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)", RFC 2637, July 1999.

RFC 2868

RFC2868 RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2868.txt| G. Zorn, D. Leifer, A. Rubens, J. Shriver, M. Holdrege, I. Goyret June 2000 Errata, Updates RFC 2865, Updated by RFC 3575 Inf.

References

[1] Hamzeh, K., Pall, G., Verthein, W., Taarud, J., Little, W. and G. Zorn, "Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)", RFC 2637, July 1999.
[2] Valencia, A., Littlewood, M. and T. Kolar, T., "Cisco Layer Two Forwarding (Protocol) 'L2F'", RFC 2341, May 1998.
[3] Townsley, W., Valencia, A., Rubens, A., Pall, G., Zorn, G. and B. Palter, "Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol (L2TP)", RFC 2661, August 1999.
[4] Hamzeh, K., "Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol - ATMP", RFC 2107, February 1997.
[5] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[6] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, October 1996.
[7] Perkins, C., "Minimal Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2004, October 1996.
[8] Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 1827, August 1995.
[9] Hanks, S., Li, T., Farinacci, D. and P. Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 1701, October 1994.
[10] Simpson, W., "IP in IP Tunneling", RFC 1853, October 1995.
[11] Zorn, G. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2867, June 2000.
[12] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A. and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial in User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.
[13] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[14] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994.
[15] Rigney, C., Willats, W. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS Extensions", RFC 2869, June 2000.
[16] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[17] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.

RFC2869

RFC2869 RADIUS Extensions https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2869.txt C. Rigney, W. Willats, P. Calhoun June 2000 Updated by RFC 3579, RFC 5080 Inf.

References

[1] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A. and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.
[2] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[3] Blunk, L. and J. Vollbrecht, "PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 2284, March 1998.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March, 1997.
[5] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, October 1994.
[6] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M. and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, June 2000.
[7] Zorn, G., Aboba, B. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2867, June 2000.
[8] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
[9] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
[10] Alvestrand, H. and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[11] Slatalla, M., and Quittner, J., "Masters of Deception." HarperCollins, New York, 1995.

RFC3579

RFC3579 RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3579.txt B. Aboba, P. Calhoun September 2003, Updates RFC 2869, Updated by RFC 5080, Inf.

References

6.1. Normative References
[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, April 1992.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
[RFC2284] Blunk, L. and J. Vollbrecht, "PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 2284, March 1998.
[RFC2401] Atkinson, R. and S. Kent, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[RFC2406] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
[RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
[RFC2486] Aboba, B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC 2486, January 1999.
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A. and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.
[RFC2988] Paxson, V. and M. Allman, "Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer", RFC 2988, November 2000.
[RFC3162] Aboba, B., Zorn, G. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IP6", RFC 3162, August 2001.
[RFC3280] Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W. and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002.
[RFC3576] Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D. and B. Aboba, "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 3576, July 2003.
6.2. Informative References
[RFC826] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol", STD 37, RFC 826, November 1982.
[RFC1510] Kohl, J. and C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 1510, September 1993.
[RFC1661] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[RFC2548] Zorn, G., "Microsoft Vendor-specific RADIUS Attributes", RFC 2548, March 1999.
[RFC2607] Aboba, B. and J. Vollbrecht, "Proxy Chaining and Policy Implementation in Roaming", RFC 2607, June 1999.
[RFC2716] Aboba, B. and D. Simon,"PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol", RFC 2716, October 1999.
[RFC2866] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[RFC2867] Zorn, G., Aboba, B. and D. Mitton, "RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2867, June 2000.
[RFC2868] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M. and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, June 2000.
[RFC2869] Rigney, C., Willats, W. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS Extensions", RFC 2869, June 2000.
[RFC2983] Black, D. "Differentiated Services and Tunnels", RFC 2983, October 2000.
[RFC3580] Congdon, P., Aboba, B., Smith, A., Zorn, G. and J. Roese, "IEEE 802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Usage Guidelines", RFC 3580, September 2003.
[IEEE802] IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture, ANSI/IEEE Std 802, 1990.
[IEEE8021X] IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Port based Network Access Control, IEEE Std 802.1X-2001, June 2001.
[MD5Attack] Dobbertin, H., "The Status of MD5 After a Recent Attack", CryptoBytes Vol.2 No.2, Summer 1996.
[Masters] Slatalla, M. and J. Quittner, "Masters of Deception." HarperCollins, New York, 1995.
[NASREQ] Calhoun, P., et al., "Diameter Network Access Server Application", Work in Progress.

用語(term)

RFC3579

authenticator

         The end of the link requiring the authentication.  Also
         known as the Network Access Server (NAS) or RADIUS client.
         Within IEEE 802.1X terminology, the term Authenticator is
         used.

peer

  The other end of the point-to-point link (PPP),
         point-to-point LAN segment (IEEE 802.1X) or wireless link,
         which is being authenticated by the authenticator.  In IEEE
         802.1X, this end is known as the Supplicant.

authentication server

         An authentication server is an entity that provides an
         authentication service to an authenticator (NAS).  This
         service verifies from the credentials provided by the peer,
         the claim of identity made by the peer; it also may provide
         credentials allowing the peer to verify the identity of the
         authentication server.  Within this document it is assumed
         that the NAS operates as a pass-through, forwarding EAP
         packets between the RADIUS server and the EAP peer.
         Therefore the RADIUS server operates as an authentication
         server.

displayable message

         This is interpreted to be a human readable string of
         characters, and MUST NOT affect operation of the protocol.
         The message encoding MUST follow the UTF-8 transformation
         format [RFC2279].

Network Access Server (NAS)

         The device providing access to the network.  Also known as
         the Authenticator (IEEE 802.1X or EAP terminology) or
         RADIUS client.

RFC2865, RFC2866, RFC2869

service

       The NAS provides a service to the dial-in user, such as PPP
         or Telnet.

RFC3579

service

      The NAS provides a service to the user, such as IEEE 802 or
         PPP.

RFC2865

session

        Each service provided by the NAS to a dial-in user
         constitutes a session, with the beginning of the session
         defined as the point where service is first provided and
         the end of the session defined as the point where service
         is ended.  A user may have multiple sessions in parallel or
         series if the NAS supports that.

RFC2866

session

        Each service provided by the NAS to a dial-in user
         constitutes a session, with the beginning of the session
         defined as the point where service is first provided and
         the end of the session defined as the point where service
         is ended.  A user may have multiple sessions in parallel or
         series if the NAS supports that, with each session
         generating a separate start and stop accounting record with
         its own Acct-Session-Id.

RFC2869

session

        Each service provided by the NAS to a dial-in user
         constitutes a session, with the beginning of the session
         defined as the point where service is first provided and
         the end of the session defined as the point where service
         is ended.  A user may have multiple sessions in parallel or
         series if the NAS supports that, with each session
         generating a separate start and stop accounting record.

##RFC3579
###session
Each service provided by the NAS to a peer constitutes a
session, with the beginning of the session defined as the
point where service is first provided and the end of the
session defined as the point where service is ended. A
peer may have multiple sessions in parallel or series if
the NAS supports that, with each session generating a
separate start and stop accounting record.

RFC2865, RFC2866, 2869, RFC3579

silently discard

         This means the implementation discards the packet without
         further processing.  The implementation SHOULD provide the
         capability of logging the error, including the contents of
         the silently discarded packet, and SHOULD record the event
         in a statistics counter.

RFC文書の参照関係

RFC	obsolate	updates	updated	reference	title
2865	2138			2138	Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				1321	The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
				768	User Datagram Protocol
				2866	RADIUS Accounting
				1700	Assigned Numbers
				2279	UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
				2486	The Network Access Identifier
				1144	Compressing TCP/IP headers for low-speed serial links
				1990	The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)
				2434	Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs
				1352	SNMP Security Protocols
			2868		RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support
			3575		IANA Considerations for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service)
			5080		Common Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Implementation Issues and Suggested Fixes
			6929		Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Protocol Extensions
			8044		Data Types in RADIUS
2866	2139			2139	RADIUS Accounting
				2865	Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				768	User Datagram Protocol
				1321	The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
				1700	Assigned Numbers
				2279	UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
				2434	Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs
			2867		RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support
			5080		Common Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Implementation Issues and Suggested Fixes
			5997		Use of Status-Server Packets in the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Protocol
2867		2866		2866	RADIUS Accounting
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				2868	RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2661	Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"
				2637	Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
2868		2865			Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
			3575		IANA Considerations for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service)
				2637	Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
				2341	Cisco Layer Two Forwarding (Protocol) 'L2F
				2661	Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"
				2107	Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol - ATMP
				2401	Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol
				2001	IP Encapsulation within IP
				2004	Minimal Encapsulation within IP
				1827	IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
				1701	Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
				1853	IP in IP Tunneling
				2867	RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2865	Remote Authentication Dial in User Service (RADIUS)
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				1700	Assigned Numbers
				2869	RADIUS Extensions"
				2434	Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs
				2373	IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture
2869			3579
			5080		Common Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Implementation Issues and Suggested Fixes
				2865	Remote Authentication Dial in User Service (RADIUS)
				2866	RADIUS Accounting
				2284	PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				1700	Assigned Numbers
				2868	RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2867	RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2279	UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
				2104	HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication"
				2434	Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs
3579		2869			RADIUS Extensions
				1321	The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
				2104	HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
				2119	Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels
				2279	UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
				2284	PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
				2401	Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol
				2406	IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
				2409	The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
				2486	The Network Access Identifier
				2865	Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
				2988	Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer
				3162	RADIUS and IP6
				3280	Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile
				3576	Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
				826	An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol
				1510	The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)
				1661	The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
				2548	Microsoft Vendor-specific RADIUS Attributes
				2607	Proxy Chaining and Policy Implementation in Roaming
				2716	PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol"
				2866	RADIUS Accounting
				2867	RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2868	RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support
				2869	RADIUS Extensions
				2983	Differentiated Services and Tunnels
				3580	IEEE 802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Usage Guidelines

<この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。>
This article is not completed. I will add some words and/or centences in order.
Este artículo no está completo. Agregaré algunas palabras en orden.

知人資料

' @kazuo_reve 私が効果を確認した「小川メソッド」
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/a3ea1d9171deeccc04da

' @kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/d1a3f0ee48e24bba38f1

' @kazuo_reve Vモデルについて勘違いしていたと思ったこと
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/46fddb094563bd9b2e1e

自己記事一覧

Qiitaで逆リンクを表示しなくなったような気がする。時々、スマフォで表示するとあらわることがあり、完全に削除したのではなさそう。2024年４月以降、せっせとリンクリストを作り、統計を取って確率を説明しようとしている。2025年２月末を目標にしていた。

一覧の一覧( The directory of directories of mine.) Qiita(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7eb0e006543886138f39

views 20,000越え自己記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/58e8bd6450957cdecd81

Views１万越え、もうすぐ１万記事一覧最近いいねをいただいた216記事
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d2b805717a92459ce853

仮説（0）一覧（目標100現在40）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f000506fe1837b3590df

Qiita(0)Qiita関連記事一覧（自分）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/58db5fbf036b28e9dfa6

Error一覧 error(0)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/48b6cbc8d68eae2c42b8

C++ Support(0)　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8720d26f762369a80514

Coding(0) Rules, C, Secure, MISRA and so on
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/400725644a8a0e90fbb0

Ethernet 記事一覧　Ethernet(0)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/88d35e99f74aefc98794

Wireshark 一覧 wireshark(0)、Ethernet(48)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fbed841f61875c4731d0

線網（Wi-Fi）空中線(antenna)(0) 記事一覧(118/300目標)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/5e5464ac2b24bd4cd001

なぜdockerで機械学習するか書籍・ソース一覧作成中 (目標100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ddd12477544bf5ba85e2

プログラムちょい替え（0）一覧:4件
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/296d87ef4bfd516bc394

言語処理100本ノックをdockerで。python覚えるのに最適。:10+12
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7e7eb7c543e0c18438c4

Python(0)記事をまとめたい。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/088c57d70ab6904ebb53

安全（0）安全工学シンポジウムに向けて: 21
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c5d78f3def8195cb2409

プログラマによる、プログラマのための、統計(0)と確率のプログラミングとその後
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6e9897eb641268766909

転職(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f77520d378d33451d6fe

技術士(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ce4ccf4eb9c5600b89ea

Reserchmap(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/506c79e562f406c4257e

物理記事　上位100
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/66e90fe31fbe3facc6ff

量子(0) 計算機, 量子力学
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1cd954cb0eed92879fd4

数学関連記事１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d8dadb49a6397e854c6d

coq(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d22f9995cf2173bc3b13

統計(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80d3b221807e53e88aba

図(0) state, sequence and timing. UML and お絵描き
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/60440a882146aeee9e8f

色(0) 記事100書く切り口
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/22331c0335ed34326b9b

品質一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/2b99b8e9db6d94b2e971

言語・文学記事　１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/42d58d5ef7fb53c407d6

医工連携関連記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6ab51c12ba51bc260a82

水の資料集(0)　方針と成果
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f5dbb30087ea732b52aa

自動車　記事　１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f7f0b9ab36569ad409c5

通信記事１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1d67de5e1cd207b05ef7

日本語（０）一欄
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7498dcfa3a9ba7fd1e68

英語(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/680e3f5cbf9430486c7d

音楽　一覧(0)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b6e5f42bbfe3bbe40f5d

「@kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報」確認一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b9380888d1e5a042646b

鉄道（０）鉄道のシステム考察はてっちゃんがてつだってくれる
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/faa4ea03d91d901a618a

OSEK OS設計の基礎　OSEK(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7528a22a14242d2d58a3

coding (101) 一覧を作成し始めた。omake:最近のQiitaで表示しない5つの事象
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/20667f09f19598aedb68

官公庁・学校・公的団体（NPOを含む）システムの課題、官（０）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/04ee6eaf7ec13d3af4c3

「はじめての」シリーズ　ベクタージャパン　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/2e41634f6e21a3cf74eb

AUTOSAR(0)Qiita記事一覧, OSEK(75)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/89c07961b59a8754c869

プログラマが知っていると良い「公序良俗」
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9fe7c0dfac2fbd77a945

LaTeX(0) 一覧　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e3f7dafacab58c499792

自動制御、制御工学一覧（０）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7767a4e19a6ae1479e6b

Rust(0) 一覧　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/5e8bb080ba6ca0281927

programの本質は計画だ。programは設計だ。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c8545a769c246a458c27

登壇直後版色使い(JIS安全色) Qiita Engineer Festa 2023〜私しか得しないニッチな技術でLT〜スライド編 0.15
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f0d3070d839f4f735b2b

プログラマが知っていると良い「公序良俗」
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9fe7c0dfac2fbd77a945

逆も真：社会人が最初に確かめるとよいこと。OSEK(69)、Ethernet(59)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/39afe4a728a31b903ddc

統計の嘘。仮説（127）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/63b48ecf258a3471c51b

自分の言葉だけで論理展開できるのが天才なら、文章の引用だけで論理展開できるのが秀才だ。仮説（136）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/97cf07b9e24f860624dd

参考文献駆動執筆(references driven writing)・デンソークリエイト編
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b27b3f58b8bf265a5cd1

「何を」よりも「誰を」。１０年後のために今見習いたい人たち
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8045978b16eb49d572b2

Qiitaの記事に３段階または５段階で到達するための方法
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6e9298296852325adc5e

出力(output)と呼ばないで。これは状態(state)です。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80b8b5913b2748867840

祝休日・謹賀新年 2025年の目標
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/dfa34827932f99c59bbc

Qiita 1年間をまとめた「振り返りページ」＠2024
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ed6be239119c99b15828

2024 参加・主催Calendarと投稿記事一覧 Qiita(248)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d80b8fbac2496df7827f

主催Calendar2024分析 Qiita(254)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/15807336d583076f70bc

Calendar 統計
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e315558dcea8ee3fe43e

LLM 関連 Calendar 2024
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c36033cf66862d5496fa

Large Language Model Related Calendar
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3beb0bc3fb71e3ae6d66

博士論文 Calendar 2024 を開催します。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/51601357efbcaf1057d0

博士論文(0)関連記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8f223a760e607b705e78

coding (101) 一覧を作成し始めた。omake:最近のQiitaで表示しない5つの事象
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/20667f09f19598aedb68

あなたは「勘違いまとめ」から、勘違いだと言っていることが勘違いだといくつ見つけられますか。人間の間違い(human error(125))の種類と対策
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ae391b77fffb098b8fb4

プログラマの「プログラムが書ける」思い込みは強みだ。３つの理由。仮説（168）統計と確率(17) , OSEK(79)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/bc5dd86e414de402ec29

出力(output)と呼ばないで。これは状態(state)です。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80b8b5913b2748867840

これからの情報伝達手段の在り方について考えてみよう。炎上と便乗。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/71a09077ac195214f0db

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC7 Software and System Engineering
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/48b43f0f6976a078d907

アクセシビリティの知見を発信しよう！（再び）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/03457eb9ee74105ee618

統計論及確率論輪講（再び）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/590874ccfca988e85ea3

読者の心をグッと惹き寄せる7つの魔法
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b1b5e89bd5c0a211d862

「@kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報」確認一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b9380888d1e5a042646b

ソースコードで議論しよう。日本語で議論するの止めましょう（あるプログラミング技術の議論報告）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8b9811c80f3338c6c0b0

脳内コンパイラの3つの危険
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7025cf2d7bd9f276e382

心理学の本を読むよりはコンパイラ書いた方がよくね。仮説（34）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fa715732cc148e48880e

NASAを超えるつもりがあれば読んでください。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e81669f9cb53109157f6

データサイエンティストの気づき!「勉強して仕事に役立てない人。大嫌い!!」『それ自分かも?』ってなった!!!
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d85830d58d8dd7f71d07

「ぼくの好きな先生」「人がやらないことをやれ」プログラマになるまで。仮説（37）　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/53e4bded9fe5f724b3c4

なぜ経済学徒を辞め、計算機屋になったか（経済学部入学前・入学後・卒業後対応）転職(1)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/06335a1d24c099733f64

プログラミング言語教育のXYZ。仮説（52）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1950c5810fb5c0b07be4

【24卒向け】9ヶ月後に年収１０００万円を目指す。二つの関門と三つの道。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fb5bff147193f726ad25

「【25卒向け】Qiita Career Meetup for STUDENT」予習の勧め
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/00eadb8a6e738cb6336f

大学入試不合格でも筆記試験のない大学に入って卒業できる。卒業しなくても博士になれる。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/74adec99f396d64b5fd5

全世界の不登校の子供たち「博士論文」を書こう。世界子供博士論文遠隔実践中心安全(99)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/912d69032c012bcc84f2

日本のプログラマが世界で戦える16分野。仮説(53),統計と確率(25) 転職(32)、Ethernet(58)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a7e634a996cdd02bc53b

小川メソッド　覚え（書きかけ）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3593d72eca551742df68

DoCAP（ドゥーキャップ）って何ですか？
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/47e0e6509ab792c43327

views 20,000越え自己記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/58e8bd6450957cdecd81

Views１万越え、もうすぐ１万記事一覧最近いいねをいただいた213記事
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d2b805717a92459ce853

amazon 殿堂入りNo1レビュアになるまで。仮説(102)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/83259d18921ce75a91f4

100以上いいねをいただいた記事16選
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f8d958d9084ffbd15d2a

水道局10年(1976,4-1986,3)を振り返る
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/707fcf6fae230dd349bf

小川清最終講義、最終講義（再）計画, Ethernet(100) 英語(100) 安全(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e2df642e3951e35e6a53

＜この記事は個人の過去の経験に基づく個人の感想です。現在所属する組織、業務とは関係がありません。＞
This article is an individual impression based on my individual experience. It has nothing to do with the organization or business to which I currently belong.
Este artículo es una impresión personal basada en mi experiencia personal. No tiene nada que ver con la organización o empresa a la que pertenezco actualmente.

文書履歴(document history)

ver. 0.01 初稿　５文書(RFC2865,2866, 2867, 2868, 2869)の参考文献、参照関係整理　20190211 午前　
ver. 0.02 RFC3579, 用語(term)追記　20190211 夕
ver. 0.03 表題追記 20190318
ver. 0.04 みだし修正 20210707

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