哲学 game 創ろう coding(49)

哲学者及び哲学を題材にgameを企画する。　

<この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。>

背景　

10歳の頃デカルトに出会った。　

10歳の頃ゴッホを模写した。　

10歳の頃与謝野晶子の短歌に衝撃を受けた。　

企画　

仮想空間に哲学者の文献を機械学習させた人を置き、互いに議論させ、仮想通貨を支払う。　
ネットを使って、他人の同一人物と戦わせても良い。

発端　

お子様が哲学者になろうというお話をお聞きして、　
現代における哲学者が食っていける道を考えた。　

教員（大学の先生を含む）　

大沢であれば、哲学だけ教えていても食っていける。　
他の教員であれば、社会、国語、英語、情報など、関連学科も教えれば食っていける。　
研究機関の研究員などもよい。機械学習は、哲学の応用分野として特筆。

物書き、記者、編集者　　

文学、新聞、雑誌、放送などの文章を書いたり、編集したりする傍ら、哲学を極める。　
学会誌の記者、編集者、国際規格、業界団体の編集者などもいいかも。　

プログラマ　

プログラマも物書きの一種ではある。　
人間が読むか、機械が読むかの違いがあるだけ。　

哲学のうち、論理学は計算機科学の基礎でもある。　
哲学のプログラムを書けば、本領発揮できるかも。

そこで、手始めに哲学Gameをつくろうってなった。

coding

なにはともあれcoding

phi.cpp

const Descartes
const Gogh
const YosanoAkiko

参考文献　

カント
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400868/

デカンショ
「デカンショ、デカンショで半年暮らし、後の版図者は寝て暮らす」
という歌の、デカンショが、デカルト、カント、ショーペンハウエルであることは、小さい頃から聞いていました。デカルトはまじめに読みました。
カントは手におえませんでいた。
ショーペンハウエルはほとんど読んでいません。
カントが不得意な人は、本書がお勧めです。これまで理解できなかったカントの難しさに、切り込む視点が得られます。

ハイデガー
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400876/

難解なハイデガー
難解なハイデガー。
本書から得られる知識、切り口、背景、人となりをしれば、
少しは理解する糸口がつかめるかもしれない

ヘーゲル
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400779/

ヘーゲルを通読したことがありませんが、分かった気にさせてくれる。
本書は、少しでも読んだことがある人なら、
別の視点を木がつかせてくれたり、
「そうそう」と同感できる視点があるという利点があります。
初心者が、本書を読むと、読んだことがないのに、分かったつもりにさせてしまうかもしれないという心配があります。
自分で、ヘーゲルを通読したことがありませんが、分かった気にさせてくれました。
危ない、危ない。

ニーチェ
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400477

とっつきにくいが、本書なら
とっつきにくい人だが、本書が与えてくれるさまざまな視点のうち、
自分がとっかかるところがあるかもしれない。
ニーチェは、何冊か購入したが、なんとなく、暗いイメージだけがつきまとっていて、本気で読んだことが無かった。本書を読んでから、読んでみると、理解する切り口を得ることができた。

フーコー
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/476840085X/

難解なフーコーは難解なままでしたが
難解なフーコーは、難解なままでした。
フーコーの伝記を読む気はなかったですが、本書を読んで、ちゃんと伝記を読んでみようという気にはなりました。
理論が理解できない場合には、人物から入るというのは一つの手だと思いました。
数学の理論でも、分からない場合には、その人の伝記を読むようにしています。
哲学、心理学でも、同じようにすればよいことに気がつきました。
　
レブィ
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400841/

構造主義の根幹に到達するかも
構造主義って、いまだに分かりません。
自分たちの発想が、すでに構造主義が主張するものを
既定値として受け入れている世代だからかもしれません。
本書は、レヴィ・ストロースの努力の足跡を辿るきっかけになるかもしれません。

チョムスキー (FOR BEGINNERSシリーズ)
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400973/

言語理論だけを知っていて
言語理論といえば、必ずでてくるチョムスキー、社会評論を書いていることを、今年になるまで知りませんでした。
なんとなくいやだなと思っていましたが、本書は、言語理論と社会評論のかけはしの視点を与えてくれるかと思います。
人にはそれぞれの事情があり、人にはそれぞれ使いこなせる言葉があるのだということに気がつきました。

マイコン (FOR BEGINNERSシリーズ イラスト版オリジナル 16)
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4768400167/

エントロピーから始まるマイコンの本
エントロピーから始まるマイコンの本はこれだけではないでしょうか。
情報理論の本とか、情報学の本というならエントロピーから始まってもおかしくはありません。
マイコンごときでエントロピーから論じられると、「どんびき」か、「引き込まれる」かのどちらかでしょう。
いろんな話しがいっぱいつまっていて面白い入門書だと思います。

サピエンス全史-上下合本版-文明の構造と人類の幸福-ユヴァル・ノア・ハラリ

https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B01KLAFEZ4/
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/0099590085

Content

cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Timeline of HIstory

Part One The Congnitive Revolution

1 An Animal of No Significance
2 The Tree of Knowledge
3 A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve
4 The Flood

Part Two Agricultural Revolution

5 History's Biggest Fraud
6 Building Pyramids
7 Memory Overload
8 There is No Justice in History

Part Three The unification of Humankind

9 The Arrow of History
10 The Scent of Money
11 Imperial Visions
12 THe Law of Religion
13 THe Secret of Success

Part Four THe Scientific Revolution

14 The Discovery of Ignorance
15 THe Marriage of Science and Empire
16 The Capitalist Creed
17 The Wheels of Industry
18 A permanent Revolution
19 And They Lived Happily Ever After
20 The End of Homo Sapiens
Afterword
The Animal that Become a God
Notes
Acknowledgement
Image credits

Notes

1 An Animal of No Significance

1 Ann Gibbons, 'Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic
Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?', Science 316:5831 (2007), 1,558-60.

2 The Tree of Knowledge

1 Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1998).
2 Frans de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2000); Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We
Are Who We Are (New York: Riverhead Books, 2005); Michael L. Wilson and Richard W.
Wrangham, 'Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees', Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003),
363-92; M. McFarland Symington, 'Fission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan,
International Journal of Primatology 11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J. Chapman,
'Determinants of Groups Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs', in On the Move: How
and Why Animals Travel in Groups, ed. Sue Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2000), 26.
3 Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, 69-79; Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M.
Dunbar, 'Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language', Current Anthropology 34:2
(1993), 189. For criticism of this approach see: Christopher McCarthy et al., 'Comparing Two
Methods for Estimating Network Size', Human Organization 60:1 (2001), 32; R. A. Hill and R. I.
M. Dunbar, 'Social Network Size in Humans', Human Nature 14:1 (2003), 65.
4 Yvette Taborin, 'Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian', in Before Lascaux: The
Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White
(Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993), 211-28.
5 G. R. Summerhayes, 'Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing
Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea', in Archaeological Obsidian
Studies: Method and Theory, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York: Plenum Press, 1998), 129-58.

3 A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve

1 Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality
(New York: Harper, 2010); S. Beckerman and P. Valentine (eds.), Cultures of Multiple Fathers. The
Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America (Gainesville: University Press of
Florida, 2002).
2 Noel G. Butlin, Economics and the Dreamtime: A Hypothetical History (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1993), 98-101; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Sydney: Allen & Unwin,
2002), 15; William Howell Edwards, An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies (Wentworth Falls,
NSW: Social Science Press, 1988), 52.
3 Fekri A. Hassan, Demographic Archaeology (New York: Academic Press, 1981), 196-9; Lewis
Robert Binford, Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory
Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2001), 143.
4 Brian Hare, The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think (Dutton: Penguin Group,
2013).
5 Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Holliday, 'Body Mass and Encephalization in
Pleistocene Homo', Nature 387 (1997), 173-6; M. Henneberg and M. Steyn, 'Trends in Cranial
Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene', American Journal of
Human Biology 5:4 (1993): 473-9; Drew H. Bailey and David C. Geary, 'Hominid Brain Evolution:
Testing Climatic, Ecological and Social Competition Models', Human Nature 20 (2009): 67-79;
Daniel J. Wescott and Richard L. Jantz, 'Assessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American
Blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry', in Modern Morphometrics in Physical
Anthropology: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York:
Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231-45.
6 Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., 'Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impacts
on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?', American Journal of Human Biology 14 (2002),
184-205.
7 Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a
Foraging People (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 164, 236.
8 Ibid., 78.
9 Vincenzo Formicola and Alexandra P. Buzhilova, 'Double Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia):
Pathology and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary Practices', American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 124:3 (2004), 189-98; Giacomo Giacobini, 'Richness and Diversity of Burial Rituals
in the Upper Paleolithic', Diogenes 54:2 (2007), 19-39.
10 I. J. N. Thorpe, 'Anthropology, Archaeology and the Origin of Warfare', World Archaeology
35:1 (2003), 145-65; Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2000); Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2006); Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful
Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Slavomil Vend, 'Stone Age Warfare', in Ancient
Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton
Publishing, 1999), 57-73.

4 The Flood

1 James F. O'Connel and Jim Allen, 'Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia - New Guinea) and
the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans', in Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural
and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed. Paul Mellars, Ofer
Bar-Yosef, Katie Boyle (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 395-
410; James F. O'Connel and Jim Allen, 'When Did Humans First Arrive in Greater Australia and
Why is it Important to Know?', Evolutionary Anthropology 6:4 (1998), 132-46; James F. O'Connel
and Jim Allen, 'Dating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia - New Guinea): A Review
of Recent Research', Journal of Radiological Science 31:6 (2004), 835-53; Jon M. Erlandson,
'Anatomically Modern Humans, Maritime Voyaging and the Pleistocene Colonization of the
Americas', in The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, ed. Nina G.
Jablonski (San Francisco: University of California Press, 2002), 59-60, 63-4; Jon M. Erlandson
and Torben C. Rick, 'Archaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and
Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems', Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010),
231-51; Atholl Anderson, 'Slow Boats from China: Issues in the Prehistory of Indo-China
Seafaring', Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 16 (2000), 13-50; Robert G. Bednarik,
'Maritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic', Earth and Planetary Sciences 328
(1999), 559-60; Robert G. Bednarik, 'Seafaring in the Pleistocene', Cambridge Archaeological
Journal 13:1 (2003), 41-66.
2 Timothy F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and
Peoples (Port Melbourne: Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al., 'Assessing the
Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents', Science 306:5693 (2004): 70-5; Barry
W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, "The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna',
Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004), 517-23; Gifford H. Miller et al., 'Ecosystem Collapse in
Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction', Science 309:5732 (2005),
287-90; Richard G. Roberts et al., 'New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide
Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago', Science 292:5523 (2001), 1,888-92.
3 Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, 'A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of
Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation', Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21-2
(2006), 2,692-703; Barry W. Brook et al., 'Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct
if Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on "A Review of the Evidence for a
Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation" by S.
Wroe and J. Field', Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3-4 (2007), 560-4; Chris S. M. Turney et al.,
'Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their
Extinction', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:34 (2008), 12,150-3.
4 John Alroy, 'A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass
Extinction, Science, 292:5523 (2001), 1,893-6; O'Connel and Allen, 'Pre-LGM Sahul', 400-1.
5 L. H. Keeley, 'Proto-Agricultural Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Survey',
in Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, ed. T.
Douglas Price and Anne Birgitte Gebauer (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1995),
243-72; R. Jones, 'Firestick Farming', Australian Natural History 16 (1969), 224-8.
6 David J. Meitzer, First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 2009).
7 Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky, 'Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate',
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37 (2006), 215-50; Anthony D. Barnosky et
al., 'Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents', 70-5.

5 History's Biggest Fraud

1 The map is based mainly on: Peter Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
(Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
2 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton,
1997).
3 Gat, War in Human Civilization, 130-1; Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, 'Body Counts in
Lowland South American Violence', Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), 29-34.
4 Katherine A. Spielmann, 'A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the
Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality', Human Ecology 17:3 (1989), 321-45. See also:
Bruce Winterhalder and Eric Alder Smith, 'Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral
Ecology at Twenty-Five', Evolutionary Anthropology 9:2 (2000), 51-72.
5 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortality in
the Past (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al., English Population
History from Family Reconstitution, 1580-1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997),
295-6, 303.
6 Manfred Heun et al., 'Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints',
Science 278:5341 (1997), 1,312-14.
7 Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust (New York:
Lantern Books, 2002), 9-10; Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), The Domestication and
Exploitation of Plants and Animals (London: Duckworth, 1969), 259.
8 Avi Pinkas (ed.), Farmyard Animals in Israel - Research, Humanism and Activity (Rishon Le-
Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009 [Hebrew]), 169-99; "Milk Production - the
Cow' [Hebrew], The Dairy Council, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgi-webaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm.
9 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political
Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); E. C. Amoroso and P. A.
Jewell, The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People', in Man and Cattle:
Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute, 24-26 May
1960, ed. A. E. Mourant and F. E. Zeuner (London: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963),
129-34.
10 Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen: National
Museum, 1963), 63.

6 Building Pyramids

1 Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of
Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; 'Historical Estimates of World Population',
U.S.Census Bureau, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
2 Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.
3 Raymond Westbrook, 'Old Babylonian Period', in A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1,
ed. Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 361-430; Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2nd edn (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997), 71-142; M. E. J.
Richardson, Hammurabi's Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary (London: T & T Clark International,
2000).
4 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.
5 Ibid., 121.
6 Ibid., 122-3.
7 Ibid., 133-3.
8 Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval
France (New York: Cornell University Press, 1998), 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin, 'Survivors and
Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries', in Medieval Families:
Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children, ed. Carol Neel (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 2004), 81 n.; Lise E. Hull, Britain's Medieval Castles (Westport: Praeger, 2006), 144.

7 Memory Overload

1 Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J.
Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of
Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago
Press, 1993), 36.
2 Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas - Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover
Publications, 1981).
3 Gary Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw, A
History of the Khipu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
4 Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.

8 There is No Justice in History

1 Sheldon Pollock, 'Axialism and Empire', in Axial Civilizations and World History, ed. Johann P.
Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Björn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397-451.
2 Harold M. Tanner, China: A History (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 2009), 34.
3 Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications,
2005); Michael Bamshad et al., 'Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population',
Genome Research 11 (2001): 904-1,004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the
Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
4 Houston, First Writing, 196.
5 The secretary general, United Nations, Report of the Secretary General on the In-depth Study on
All Forms of Violence Against Women, delivered to the General Assembly, UN Doc.
A/16/122/Add.1 (6 July 2006), 89.
6 Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
113-2.9.131-3.

10 The Scent of Money

1 Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez
Cabanes (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.
2 Andrew M. Watson, 'Back to Gold - and Silver', Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), 11-12;
Jasim Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.
3 Watson, 'Back to Gold and Silver', 17-18.
4 David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2011).
5 Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of
Wales Press, 1994), 15.
6 Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: North-western
University Press, 1989), 88-9. The Auschwitz 'market' was restricted to certain classes of
prisoners and conditions changed dramatically across time.
7 Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.
8 For information on barley money I have relied on an unpublished PhD thesis: Refael
Benvenisti, 'Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth
Centuries BC' (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, unpublished PhD thesis, 2011). See also Norman
Yoffee, 'The Economy of Ancient Western Asia', in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed.
J. M. Sasson (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1995), 1,387-99; R. K. Englund, 'Proto-Cuneiform
Account-Books and Journals', in Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization and the
Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East, ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch
(Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, 2004), 21-46; Marvin A. Powell, 'A Contribution to the History of
Money in Mesopotamia Prior to the Invention of Coinage', in Festschrift Lubor Matouš, ed. B.
Hruška and G. Komoróczy (Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, 1978), 211-43; Marvin
A. Powell, 'Money in Mesopotamia', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39:3
(1996), 224-42; John F. Robertson, The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient
Mesopotamian Temples', in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443-500; M.
Silver, Modern Ancients', in Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of
Transmission and Cultural Interaction, ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004),
65-87; Daniel C. Snell, 'Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia', in
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1,487-97.

11 Imperial Visions

1 Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.
2 Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 220-1.
3 A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage:
Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983), 10.
4 Yuri Pines, 'Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire - the Chinese Experience (third
to fifth centuries BC)', Historia 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].
5 Alexander Yakobson, 'Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius' Speech on
Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate', in On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Doron
Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23-4.

12 The Law of Religion

1 W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.,
2008), 536-7.
2 Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610 (London: Fontana
Press, 1996), 424.
3 Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen - Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer
Jungen (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152-7.

13 The Secret of Success

1 Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

14 The Discovery of Ignorance

1 David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2004), 344-5; Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of
the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 636; 'Historical Estimates
of World Population', US Census Bureau, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
2 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 261.
3 'Gross Domestic Product 2009', the World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed 10 December
2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.
4 Christian, Maps of Time, 141.
5 The largest contemporary cargo ship can carry about 100,000 tons. In 1470 all the world's
fleets could together carry no more than 320,000 tons. By 1570 total global tonnage was up to
730,000 tons (Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).
6 The world's largest bank - the Royal Bank of Scotland - has reported in 2007 deposits worth
$1.3 trillion. That's five times the annual global production in 1500. See 'Annual Report and
Accounts 2008', the Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033)0)278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf.
7 Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185-98.
8 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley, English Population History, 295; Christian,
Maps of Time, 450, 452; 'World Health Statistic Report 2009', 35-45, World Health Organization,
accessed 10 December 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
9 Wrigley, English Population History, 296.
10 'England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09', Office for National Statistics, accessed 22
March
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?2012edition=tcm%3A77-61850.
11 Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 125-6.
12 Jennie B. Dorman et al., "The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to
Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans', Genetics 141:4 (1995), 1,399-406; Koen
Houthoofd et al., 'Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1
Signalling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans', Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947-54.
13 Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet and George M. Church, 'A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for
Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads', Science 335:6070 (2012): 831-4; Dan Peer et al.,
'Nanocarriers As An Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy', Nature Nanotechnology 2 (2007):
751-60; Dan Peer et al., 'Systemic Leukocyte-Directed siRNA Delivery Revealing Cyclin Di as an
Anti-Inflammatory Target', Science 319:5863 (2008): 627-30.

15 The Marriage of Science and Empire

1 Stephen R. Bown, Scuny: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved die Greatest Medical Mystery of die Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, The History of Scuny and Vitamin C (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
2 James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in die Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768-1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16-17; Gananath Obcyesekere, The Apodieosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in die Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J. C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.
3 Mark, Origins of die Modern World, 81.
4 Christian, Maps of Time, 436.
5 John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.
6 Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia’, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified 7 April 2008, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i; Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in Iran under die Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.
7 Mark, Origins of die Modern World, 46.
8 Kirkpatrick Sale, Christopher Columbus and die Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.
9 Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society: 1819-1914 (London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858-1914’, in The Oxford History of die British Empire: The Nineteendi Century, vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.
10 Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, 7he Medieval History Journal 10:1-2 (2007), 151.

16 The Capitalist Creed

1 Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, 261, 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and PPP’, the World Bank, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://sitcrcsourccs.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Rcsourccs/GNIPC.ixIf.
2 The mathematics of my bakery example arc not as accurate as they could be. Since banks arc allowed to loan $10 for every dollar they keep in their possession, of every million dollars deposited in the bank, the bank can loan out to entrepreneurs only about $909,000 while keeping $91,000 in its vaults. But to make life easier for the readers I preferred to work with round numbers. Besides, banks do not always follow the rules.
3 Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (New York: Routlcdge, 1999), 91.
4 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.

17 The Wheels of Industry

1 Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 109.
2 Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Noccra, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006), 15,731.
3 Kazuhisa Miyamoto (cd.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy
Production, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128 (Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), Chapter 2.1.1, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.fao.Org/docrcp/W7241E/w7241co6.htm#2.l.lpcrccnt20solarpcrccnt20cncrgy; James Barber, ‘Biological Solar Energy’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:1853 (2007), 1007.
4 ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’, US Energy Information Administration, 9, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.cia.doc.gov/oiaf/ico/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
5 S. VeneLsky, * “Silver” from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), 451; Fred Aftalion, A History of the International Chemical Industry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J. Downs, Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium (Glasgow: Blackic Academic & Professional, 1993), 15.
6 Jan Willem Erisman et al., ‘How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World’, Nature Geoscience 1 (2008), 637.
7 G. J. Benson and B. E. Rollin (eds.), The Well-being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions (Ames, IA: Blackwell, 2004); M. C. Appleby, J. A. Mcnch and B. O. Hughes, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2004); J. Webster, Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005); C. Druce and P. Lymbery, Outlawed in Eurof>e: How America is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare (New York: Archimedean Press, 2002).
8 Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’, Science 130:3373 (1959), 421-32; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’, American Psychologist 13 (1958), 673-85; Laurens D. Young ct al., ‘Early stress and later response to separation in rhesus monkeys’, American Journal of Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), 400-5; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Kevcrne, ‘Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361:1476 (2006), 2,199-214; Florcnt Pittct ct al., 'Effects of maternal experience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird', Animal Behaviour (March 2013), In Press - available online at: lit tp://www .scicncedircct.com/scicncc/articlc/pii/S0003347213000547).
9 ‘National Institute of Food and Agriculture’, United States Department of Agriculture, accessed
10 December 2010, http://www.csrcas.iksda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.

18 A Permanent Revolution

1 Vaclav Smil, The Barth’s Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics and Change (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole ct al., ‘The Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass’, BMC Public Health 12:439 (2012), http://www.biomcdccntral.com/1471-2458/12/439.
2 William T. Jackman, The DeveUpment of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1966), 324-7; 11. J. Dyos and D. 11. Aldcroft, British Transport-An Economic Survey from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124-31; Wolfgang Schivclbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
3 For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented peacefulness of the last few decades, sec in particular Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide!New York: Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.
4 ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002', World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/cn/whr01_annex_cn.pdf. For mortality rates in previous eras sec: Lawrence 11. Kcclcy, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5 ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/cn/rcporto4_cn.pdf.
6 Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 21. Sec also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129-31; Kcclcy, War before Civilization.
7 Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of Criminology
41:4 (2001), 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.
8 Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’, 30.

19 And They Lived Happily Ever After

1 For both the psychology and biochemistry of happiness, the following arc good starting points: Jonathan Haldt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999): 821-7; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne (eels.), The Science of Well-Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argylc, The Psychology of Happiness, 2nd edition (New York: Routlcdgc, 2001); Ed Dicncr (cd.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eld and Randy J. Larsen (eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (cd.), Happiness in Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002); Richard Layard, Haziness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2(X)5).
2 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, East and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., ‘Development, Freedom and Rising Happiness’, 278-81.
3 D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Creeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2006).

20 The End of Homo Sapiens

1 Keith T. Paige et al., ‘Dc Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996), 168-78.
2 David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, Scientific American, 27 January 2010, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.scicntificamerican.com/article.cfm7idsbacteria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.
3 Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, Applied Microl)iology and Biotechnology 67:2 (2005), 151-9.
4 James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, Plant Molecular Biology 35:3 (1997), 323-30.
5 Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), 445-51.
6 Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, Nature Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), 435-6.
7 Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, Nature 401 (1999), 63-9.
8 Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, Science 322:5903 (2008), 900-904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), 1,189-95.
9 Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, Time, 17 September 2012, accessed 19 February 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, Endangered S[)ecies Research 14 (2011), 227-33; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’, Bioessays 34 (2012), 661-9.
10 Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, New York Times, 12
February 2009, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.nytimes.eom/2009/02/13/scieiK:e/13neanderthal.html7_r=2&rcf = science; Zack
Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, Archaeology 63:2 (2009), accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.archaeology.Org/l 003/etc/neanderthals.html.
11 Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, Nature 420:6915 (2002), 520.
12 ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_SysterrMEMSpercent29.aspx.
See also: Sally Adee, ‘NuclearPowered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE S[>ectrum, December 2009, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder-for-cyborginsect?utm_source=feedburncr&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A-fleeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Ely Who Bugged Me’, New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), 40-3; Emily Singer, ‘Send in the Rescue Rats’, New Scientist 183:2466 (2004), 21-2; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), 30-1.
13 Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, 7 March 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.
14 ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March 2012,
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.
15 Retina Implant,
http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.
16 David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life is Within Reach’, Washington Post, 14 September 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/o9/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.
17 Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines -and How it Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times Books, 2011).
18 Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, 15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/.
19 Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away” ’, BBC News, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012, http://news.bbc.c0.Uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.
20 Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-
Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78-81; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000 (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, 5 November 2009, accessed 10 December 2010;
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news7pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4S0Ww; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, BBC News, last updated 8 April 2009, accessed 22 March 2012, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/healtli/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder and Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, 24 September 2009, accessed 10 December 2010,

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