「ラビットチャレンジ」 提出レポート
##1.機械学習とは
■ (トム・ミッチェル 1997)の定義
コンピュータプログラムはタスク $T$ とパフォーマンス測定 $P$ に関連する経験 $E$ から学習すると言われています。タスク $T$ でパフォーマンスをした場合、パフォーマンス測定 $P$ によって達成度が測定され、経験 $E$ によって改善されていきます。
■ 機械学習モデリングプロセス
● Step 1 :問題設定(どのような課題を機械学習に解決させるか)
● Step 2 :データ選定(どのようなデータを使うか)
● Step 3 :データの前処理(モデルに学習させられるようにデータを加工する)
● Step 4 :機械学習モデルの選定(どの機械学習モデルを利用するか)
● Step 5 :モデルの学習(パラメータ推定)
● Step 6 :モデル評価(ハイパーパラメータの選定、モデル精度を測る)
##2.線形回帰モデル
■ **回帰問題:**離散値あるいは連続値の入力から連続値の出力を予測する
■ **回帰で扱うデータ:**説明変数または特徴量(入力)と目的変数(出力)
■ **線形回帰モデル:**教師あり学習で、入力と $m$ 次元パラメータの線形結合を出力するモデル($m=1$の場合、単回帰モデルという)
■ **線形結合:**入力とパラメータの内積
● パラメータ: $w$ = ($w_1$ ,$w_2$ ,・・・,$w_m$)$^T$ $\subset$ $\mathbb{R}^m$
● 説明変数:$\quad$$x$ = ($x_1$ ,$x_2$ ,・・・,$x_m$)$^T$ $\subset$ $\mathbb{R}^m$
● 線形結合:
\hat{y} = w^Tx + w_0= \sum_{j=1}^{m} w_jx_j + w_0
そこで、$\hat{y}$ は予測値という。
##3.データ分割・学習
■ データ分割: モデルの汎化性能を測定するため、データを学習用データと検証用データに分割する
■ 最小二乗法:
● 学習データの平均二乗誤差を最小とするパラメータを探索する
● 学習データの平均二乗誤差を最小は、その勾配が0になる点を求めれば良い。
● 学習データの平均二乗誤差は次式の通りに書きます。
MSE_{train} = \frac{1}{n_{train}}\sum_{i=1}^{n_{train}}(\hat{y}_i^{(train)}-y_i^{(train)})^2
##4.ハンズオン
###【演習実施結果】線形回帰モデル-Boston Hausing Data-
■ 必要モジュールとデータのインポート
{'data': array([[6.3200e-03, 1.8000e+01, 2.3100e+00, ..., 1.5300e+01, 3.9690e+02,
4.9800e+00],
[2.7310e-02, 0.0000e+00, 7.0700e+00, ..., 1.7800e+01, 3.9690e+02,
9.1400e+00],
[2.7290e-02, 0.0000e+00, 7.0700e+00, ..., 1.7800e+01, 3.9283e+02,
4.0300e+00],
...,
[6.0760e-02, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9690e+02,
5.6400e+00],
[1.0959e-01, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9345e+02,
6.4800e+00],
[4.7410e-02, 0.0000e+00, 1.1930e+01, ..., 2.1000e+01, 3.9690e+02,
7.8800e+00]]), 'target': array([24. , 21.6, 34.7, 33.4, 36.2, 28.7, 22.9, 27.1, 16.5, 18.9, 15. ,
18.9, 21.7, 20.4, 18.2, 19.9, 23.1, 17.5, 20.2, 18.2, 13.6, 19.6,
15.2, 14.5, 15.6, 13.9, 16.6, 14.8, 18.4, 21. , 12.7, 14.5, 13.2,
13.1, 13.5, 18.9, 20. , 21. , 24.7, 30.8, 34.9, 26.6, 25.3, 24.7,
21.2, 19.3, 20. , 16.6, 14.4, 19.4, 19.7, 20.5, 25. , 23.4, 18.9,
35.4, 24.7, 31.6, 23.3, 19.6, 18.7, 16. , 22.2, 25. , 33. , 23.5,
19.4, 22. , 17.4, 20.9, 24.2, 21.7, 22.8, 23.4, 24.1, 21.4, 20. ,
20.8, 21.2, 20.3, 28. , 23.9, 24.8, 22.9, 23.9, 26.6, 22.5, 22.2,
23.6, 28.7, 22.6, 22. , 22.9, 25. , 20.6, 28.4, 21.4, 38.7, 43.8,
33.2, 27.5, 26.5, 18.6, 19.3, 20.1, 19.5, 19.5, 20.4, 19.8, 19.4,
21.7, 22.8, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5, 18.3, 21.2, 19.2, 20.4, 19.3, 22. ,
20.3, 20.5, 17.3, 18.8, 21.4, 15.7, 16.2, 18. , 14.3, 19.2, 19.6,
23. , 18.4, 15.6, 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 13.3, 17.8, 14. , 14.4, 13.4,
15.6, 11.8, 13.8, 15.6, 14.6, 17.8, 15.4, 21.5, 19.6, 15.3, 19.4,
17. , 15.6, 13.1, 41.3, 24.3, 23.3, 27. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 22.7,
25. , 50. , 23.8, 23.8, 22.3, 17.4, 19.1, 23.1, 23.6, 22.6, 29.4,
23.2, 24.6, 29.9, 37.2, 39.8, 36.2, 37.9, 32.5, 26.4, 29.6, 50. ,
32. , 29.8, 34.9, 37. , 30.5, 36.4, 31.1, 29.1, 50. , 33.3, 30.3,
34.6, 34.9, 32.9, 24.1, 42.3, 48.5, 50. , 22.6, 24.4, 22.5, 24.4,
20. , 21.7, 19.3, 22.4, 28.1, 23.7, 25. , 23.3, 28.7, 21.5, 23. ,
26.7, 21.7, 27.5, 30.1, 44.8, 50. , 37.6, 31.6, 46.7, 31.5, 24.3,
31.7, 41.7, 48.3, 29. , 24. , 25.1, 31.5, 23.7, 23.3, 22. , 20.1,
22.2, 23.7, 17.6, 18.5, 24.3, 20.5, 24.5, 26.2, 24.4, 24.8, 29.6,
42.8, 21.9, 20.9, 44. , 50. , 36. , 30.1, 33.8, 43.1, 48.8, 31. ,
36.5, 22.8, 30.7, 50. , 43.5, 20.7, 21.1, 25.2, 24.4, 35.2, 32.4,
32. , 33.2, 33.1, 29.1, 35.1, 45.4, 35.4, 46. , 50. , 32.2, 22. ,
20.1, 23.2, 22.3, 24.8, 28.5, 37.3, 27.9, 23.9, 21.7, 28.6, 27.1,
20.3, 22.5, 29. , 24.8, 22. , 26.4, 33.1, 36.1, 28.4, 33.4, 28.2,
22.8, 20.3, 16.1, 22.1, 19.4, 21.6, 23.8, 16.2, 17.8, 19.8, 23.1,
21. , 23.8, 23.1, 20.4, 18.5, 25. , 24.6, 23. , 22.2, 19.3, 22.6,
19.8, 17.1, 19.4, 22.2, 20.7, 21.1, 19.5, 18.5, 20.6, 19. , 18.7,
32.7, 16.5, 23.9, 31.2, 17.5, 17.2, 23.1, 24.5, 26.6, 22.9, 24.1,
18.6, 30.1, 18.2, 20.6, 17.8, 21.7, 22.7, 22.6, 25. , 19.9, 20.8,
16.8, 21.9, 27.5, 21.9, 23.1, 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 50. , 13.8,
13.8, 15. , 13.9, 13.3, 13.1, 10.2, 10.4, 10.9, 11.3, 12.3, 8.8,
7.2, 10.5, 7.4, 10.2, 11.5, 15.1, 23.2, 9.7, 13.8, 12.7, 13.1,
12.5, 8.5, 5. , 6.3, 5.6, 7.2, 12.1, 8.3, 8.5, 5. , 11.9,
27.9, 17.2, 27.5, 15. , 17.2, 17.9, 16.3, 7. , 7.2, 7.5, 10.4,
8.8, 8.4, 16.7, 14.2, 20.8, 13.4, 11.7, 8.3, 10.2, 10.9, 11. ,
9.5, 14.5, 14.1, 16.1, 14.3, 11.7, 13.4, 9.6, 8.7, 8.4, 12.8,
10.5, 17.1, 18.4, 15.4, 10.8, 11.8, 14.9, 12.6, 14.1, 13. , 13.4,
15.2, 16.1, 17.8, 14.9, 14.1, 12.7, 13.5, 14.9, 20. , 16.4, 17.7,
19.5, 20.2, 21.4, 19.9, 19. , 19.1, 19.1, 20.1, 19.9, 19.6, 23.2,
29.8, 13.8, 13.3, 16.7, 12. , 14.6, 21.4, 23. , 23.7, 25. , 21.8,
20.6, 21.2, 19.1, 20.6, 15.2, 7. , 8.1, 13.6, 20.1, 21.8, 24.5,
23.1, 19.7, 18.3, 21.2, 17.5, 16.8, 22.4, 20.6, 23.9, 22. , 11.9]), 'feature_names': array(['CRIM', 'ZN', 'INDUS', 'CHAS', 'NOX', 'RM', 'AGE', 'DIS', 'RAD',
'TAX', 'PTRATIO', 'B', 'LSTAT'], dtype='<U7'), 'DESCR': ".. _boston_dataset:\n\nBoston house prices dataset\n---------------------------\n\n**Data Set Characteristics:** \n\n :Number of Instances: 506 \n\n :Number of Attributes: 13 numeric/categorical predictive. Median Value (attribute 14) is usually the target.\n\n :Attribute Information (in order):\n - CRIM per capita crime rate by town\n - ZN proportion of residential land zoned for lots over 25,000 sq.ft.\n - INDUS proportion of non-retail business acres per town\n - CHAS Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise)\n - NOX nitric oxides concentration (parts per 10 million)\n - RM average number of rooms per dwelling\n - AGE proportion of owner-occupied units built prior to 1940\n - DIS weighted distances to five Boston employment centres\n - RAD index of accessibility to radial highways\n - TAX full-value property-tax rate per $10,000\n - PTRATIO pupil-teacher ratio by town\n - B 1000(Bk - 0.63)^2 where Bk is the proportion of blacks by town\n - LSTAT % lower status of the population\n - MEDV Median value of owner-occupied homes in $1000's\n\n :Missing Attribute Values: None\n\n :Creator: Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L.\n\nThis is a copy of UCI ML housing dataset.\nhttps://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/housing/\n\n\nThis dataset was taken from the StatLib library which is maintained at Carnegie Mellon University.\n\nThe Boston house-price data of Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L. 'Hedonic\nprices and the demand for clean air', J. Environ. Economics & Management,\nvol.5, 81-102, 1978. Used in Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics\n...', Wiley, 1980. N.B. Various transformations are used in the table on\npages 244-261 of the latter.\n\nThe Boston house-price data has been used in many machine learning papers that address regression\nproblems. \n \n.. topic:: References\n\n - Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity', Wiley, 1980. 244-261.\n - Quinlan,R. (1993). Combining Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning. In Proceedings on the Tenth International Conference of Machine Learning, 236-243, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Morgan Kaufmann.\n", 'filename': '/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/sklearn/datasets/data/boston_house_prices.csv'}
.. _boston_dataset:
Boston house prices dataset
---------------------------
**Data Set Characteristics:**
:Number of Instances: 506
:Number of Attributes: 13 numeric/categorical predictive. Median Value (attribute 14) is usually the target.
:Attribute Information (in order):
- CRIM per capita crime rate by town
- ZN proportion of residential land zoned for lots over 25,000 sq.ft.
- INDUS proportion of non-retail business acres per town
- CHAS Charles River dummy variable (= 1 if tract bounds river; 0 otherwise)
- NOX nitric oxides concentration (parts per 10 million)
- RM average number of rooms per dwelling
- AGE proportion of owner-occupied units built prior to 1940
- DIS weighted distances to five Boston employment centres
- RAD index of accessibility to radial highways
- TAX full-value property-tax rate per $10,000
- PTRATIO pupil-teacher ratio by town
- B 1000(Bk - 0.63)^2 where Bk is the proportion of blacks by town
- LSTAT % lower status of the population
- MEDV Median value of owner-occupied homes in $1000's
:Missing Attribute Values: None
:Creator: Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L.
This is a copy of UCI ML housing dataset.
https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/housing/
This dataset was taken from the StatLib library which is maintained at Carnegie Mellon University.
The Boston house-price data of Harrison, D. and Rubinfeld, D.L. 'Hedonic
prices and the demand for clean air', J. Environ. Economics & Management,
vol.5, 81-102, 1978. Used in Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics
...', Wiley, 1980. N.B. Various transformations are used in the table on
pages 244-261 of the latter.
The Boston house-price data has been used in many machine learning papers that address regression
problems.
.. topic:: References
- Belsley, Kuh & Welsch, 'Regression diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity', Wiley, 1980. 244-261.
- Quinlan,R. (1993). Combining Instance-Based and Model-Based Learning. In Proceedings on the Tenth International Conference of Machine Learning, 236-243, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Morgan Kaufmann.
[24. 21.6 34.7 33.4 36.2 28.7 22.9 27.1 16.5 18.9 15. 18.9 21.7 20.4
18.2 19.9 23.1 17.5 20.2 18.2 13.6 19.6 15.2 14.5 15.6 13.9 16.6 14.8
18.4 21. 12.7 14.5 13.2 13.1 13.5 18.9 20. 21. 24.7 30.8 34.9 26.6
25.3 24.7 21.2 19.3 20. 16.6 14.4 19.4 19.7 20.5 25. 23.4 18.9 35.4
24.7 31.6 23.3 19.6 18.7 16. 22.2 25. 33. 23.5 19.4 22. 17.4 20.9
24.2 21.7 22.8 23.4 24.1 21.4 20. 20.8 21.2 20.3 28. 23.9 24.8 22.9
23.9 26.6 22.5 22.2 23.6 28.7 22.6 22. 22.9 25. 20.6 28.4 21.4 38.7
43.8 33.2 27.5 26.5 18.6 19.3 20.1 19.5 19.5 20.4 19.8 19.4 21.7 22.8
18.8 18.7 18.5 18.3 21.2 19.2 20.4 19.3 22. 20.3 20.5 17.3 18.8 21.4
15.7 16.2 18. 14.3 19.2 19.6 23. 18.4 15.6 18.1 17.4 17.1 13.3 17.8
14. 14.4 13.4 15.6 11.8 13.8 15.6 14.6 17.8 15.4 21.5 19.6 15.3 19.4
17. 15.6 13.1 41.3 24.3 23.3 27. 50. 50. 50. 22.7 25. 50. 23.8
23.8 22.3 17.4 19.1 23.1 23.6 22.6 29.4 23.2 24.6 29.9 37.2 39.8 36.2
37.9 32.5 26.4 29.6 50. 32. 29.8 34.9 37. 30.5 36.4 31.1 29.1 50.
33.3 30.3 34.6 34.9 32.9 24.1 42.3 48.5 50. 22.6 24.4 22.5 24.4 20.
21.7 19.3 22.4 28.1 23.7 25. 23.3 28.7 21.5 23. 26.7 21.7 27.5 30.1
44.8 50. 37.6 31.6 46.7 31.5 24.3 31.7 41.7 48.3 29. 24. 25.1 31.5
23.7 23.3 22. 20.1 22.2 23.7 17.6 18.5 24.3 20.5 24.5 26.2 24.4 24.8
29.6 42.8 21.9 20.9 44. 50. 36. 30.1 33.8 43.1 48.8 31. 36.5 22.8
30.7 50. 43.5 20.7 21.1 25.2 24.4 35.2 32.4 32. 33.2 33.1 29.1 35.1
45.4 35.4 46. 50. 32.2 22. 20.1 23.2 22.3 24.8 28.5 37.3 27.9 23.9
21.7 28.6 27.1 20.3 22.5 29. 24.8 22. 26.4 33.1 36.1 28.4 33.4 28.2
22.8 20.3 16.1 22.1 19.4 21.6 23.8 16.2 17.8 19.8 23.1 21. 23.8 23.1
20.4 18.5 25. 24.6 23. 22.2 19.3 22.6 19.8 17.1 19.4 22.2 20.7 21.1
19.5 18.5 20.6 19. 18.7 32.7 16.5 23.9 31.2 17.5 17.2 23.1 24.5 26.6
22.9 24.1 18.6 30.1 18.2 20.6 17.8 21.7 22.7 22.6 25. 19.9 20.8 16.8
21.9 27.5 21.9 23.1 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 13.8 13.8 15. 13.9 13.3
13.1 10.2 10.4 10.9 11.3 12.3 8.8 7.2 10.5 7.4 10.2 11.5 15.1 23.2
9.7 13.8 12.7 13.1 12.5 8.5 5. 6.3 5.6 7.2 12.1 8.3 8.5 5.
11.9 27.9 17.2 27.5 15. 17.2 17.9 16.3 7. 7.2 7.5 10.4 8.8 8.4
16.7 14.2 20.8 13.4 11.7 8.3 10.2 10.9 11. 9.5 14.5 14.1 16.1 14.3
11.7 13.4 9.6 8.7 8.4 12.8 10.5 17.1 18.4 15.4 10.8 11.8 14.9 12.6
14.1 13. 13.4 15.2 16.1 17.8 14.9 14.1 12.7 13.5 14.9 20. 16.4 17.7
19.5 20.2 21.4 19.9 19. 19.1 19.1 20.1 19.9 19.6 23.2 29.8 13.8 13.3
16.7 12. 14.6 21.4 23. 23.7 25. 21.8 20.6 21.2 19.1 20.6 15.2 7.
8.1 13.6 20.1 21.8 24.5 23.1 19.7 18.3 21.2 17.5 16.8 22.4 20.6 23.9
22. 11.9]
■ データフレームの作成
■ 線形単回帰分析
**【結果】**上記の予測結果を見ると、一戸あたりの平均部屋数が1の場合、住宅価格は[-25.5685118]となる.また、一戸あたりの平均部屋数が4の場合、住宅価格は以下になります。
■ 重回帰分析(2変数)
**【結果】**上記の予測結果を見ると、一戸あたりの平均部屋数が7、犯罪発生率 0.2 の場合、住宅価格は[29.43977562]。また、一戸あたりの平均部屋数が4、犯罪発生率 0.3 の場合、住宅価格[4.24007956]
■ 回帰係数と切片の値を確認
■ モデルの検証
###【考察】
■ 下記の結果より、重回帰の方が精度が良いと言える。
(単回帰決定係数: 0.483, 重回帰決定係数 : 0.542)
##5.演習問題関連
###相関係数について
相関係数とは、2 種類のデータの関係を示す指標です。相関係数は無単位なので、単位の影響を受けずにデータの関連性を示します。相関係数は -1 から 1 までの値を取ります。
(参考)相関係数の意味と求め方 - 公式と計算例
###リッジ回帰、ラッソ回帰について
重回帰分析の損失関数に正則化項を加えたものがリッジ回帰、及びラッソ回帰になります。リッジ回帰では$L2$ノルムの二乗、ラッソ回帰では$L1$ノルムを正則化項として使います。
##【機械学習】レポート一覧
【ラビットチャレンジ】【機械学習】非線形回帰モデル
【ラビットチャレンジ】【機械学習】ロジスティク回帰モデル
【ラビットチャレンジ】【機械学習】主成分分析
【ラビットチャレンジ】【機械学習】アルゴリズム
【ラビットチャレンジ】【機械学習】サポートベクターマシン