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19.6.2 Header <stacktrace> synopsis [stacktrace.syn] C++N4910:2022 (407) p571a.cpp

Posted at

はじめに(Introduction)

N4910 Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++

n4910は、ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21の作業原案(Working Draft)です。
公式のISO/IEC 14882原本ではありません。
ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21では、可能な限り作業文書を公開し、幅広い意見を求めています。
一連の記事はコード断片をコンパイルできる形にする方法を検討してコンパイル、リンク、実行して、規格案の原文と処理系(g++, Clang++)との違いを確認し、技術内容を検討し、ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21にフィードバックするために用います。
また、CERT C++, MISRA C++等のコーディング標準のコード断片をコンパイルする際の参考にさせていただこうと考えています。CERT C++, MISRA C++が標準化の動きとの時間的なずれがあれば確認できれば幸いです。また、boostライブラリとの関連、Linux OS, TOPPERSカーネル、g++(GCC), clang++(LLVM)との関係も調査中です。
何か、抜け漏れ、耳より情報がありましたらおしらせくださると幸いです。

<この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。>

背景(back ground)

C/C++でコンパイルエラーが出ると、途方にくれることがしばしばあります。
何回かに1回は、該当するエラーが検索できます。
ただ、条件が違っていて、そこでの修正方法では目的を達成しないこともしばしばです。いろいろな条件のコンパイルエラーとその対応方法について、広く記録することによって、いつか同じエラーに遭遇した時にやくに立つことを目指しています。

この半年の間で、三度、自分のネットでの記録に助けられたことがあります。
また過去に解決できなかった記録を10種類以上、最近になって解決できたことがあります。それは、主に次の3つの情報に基づいています。

https://stackoverflow.com
https://cpprefjp.github.io
http://ja.cppreference.com/

また
https://researchmap.jp/joub9b3my-1797580/#_1797580
に記載したサイトのお世話になっています。

作業方針(sequence)

Clang++では-std=c++03, C++2bの2種類
g++では-std=c++03, c++2bの2種類
でコンパイルし、

1)コンパイルエラーを収集する。
2)コンパイルエラーをなくす方法を検討する。
コンパイルエラーになる例を示すだけが目的のコードは、コンパイルエラーをなくすのではなく、コンパイルエラーの種類を収集するだけにする。
文法を示すのが目的のコード場合に、コンパイルエラーをなくすのに手間がかかる場合は、順次作業します。
3)リンクエラーをなくす方法を検討する。
文法を示すのが目的のコード場合に、リンクエラーをなくすのに手間がかかる場合は、順次作業します。
4)意味のある出力を作る。
コンパイル、リンクが通っても、意味のある出力を示そうとすると、コンパイル・リンクエラーが出て収拾できそうにない場合がある。順次作業します。

1)だけのものから4)まで進んだものと色々ある状態です。一歩でも前に進むご助言をお待ちしています。「検討事項」の欄に現状を記録するようにしています。

C++N4910:2022 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882(0) sample code compile list

C++N4741, 2018 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882 sample code compile list

C++N4606, 2016符号断片編纂一覧(example code compile list)

C++N4606, 2016 Working Draft 2016, ISO/IEC 14882, C++ standard(1) Example code compile list
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/df5d62c35bd6ed1c3d43/

C++N3242, 2011 sample code compile list on clang++ and g++

編纂器(Compiler)

clang++ --version

Debian clang version 14.0.5-++20220610033153+c12386ae247c-1~exp1~20220610153237.151
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, Thread model: posix, InstalledDir: /usr/bin

g++- --version

g++ (GCC) 12.1.0 Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

19.6.2 Header synopsis [stacktrace.syn] C++N4910:2022 (407) p571a.cpp

算譜(source code)

p571a.cpp
// C++N4910 Committee Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/n4910.pdf
const char * n4910 = "19.6.2 Header <stacktrace> synopsis [stacktrace.syn] C++N4910:2022 (407) p571a.cpp";
// Debian clang version 14.0.5-++20220610033153+c12386ae247c-
// g++ (GCC) 12.1.0 Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
// Edited by Dr. OGAWA Kiyoshi. Compile procedure and results record.
// C++N4910:2022 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882(0) sample code compile list
// https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fc957ddddd402004bb91

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib> 
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <coroutine>
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <map>
#include <atomic>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <typeinfo>

using namespace std;

// Example 1  
namespace std {
// 19.6.3, class stacktrace_entry class stacktrace_entry;
// 19.6.4, class template basic_stacktrace template<class Allocator>
      class basic_stacktrace;
// basic_stacktrace typedef-names
using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
// 19.6.4.6, non-member functions template<class Allocator>
      void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
        noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
    string to_string(const stacktrace_entry& f);
  template<class Allocator>
    string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const stacktrace_entry& f);
  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
  namespace pmr {
    using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
}
// 19.6.4.7, hash support
template<class T> struct hash;
template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
}
int main(){
  cout  <<  n4910 << endl;
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

編纂・実行結果(compile and go)

bash
$ clang++ p571a.cpp -std=c++03 -o p571al -I. -Wall
In file included from p571a.cpp:19:
In file included from /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/atomic:38:
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/bits/c++0x_warning.h:32:2: error: This file requires compiler and library support for the ISO C++ 2011 standard. This support must be enabled with the -std=c++11 or -std=gnu++11 compiler options.
#error This file requires compiler and library support \
 ^
p571a.cpp:31:20: warning: alias declarations are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                   ^
p571a.cpp:31:36: error: expected ';' after alias declaration
using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                                   ^
                                   ;
p571a.cpp:33:33: error: expected ')'
      void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
                                ^
p571a.cpp:33:16: note: to match this '('
      void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
               ^
p571a.cpp:34:9: error: expected function body after function declarator
        noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
        ^
p571a.cpp:35:28: error: unknown type name 'stacktrace_entry'
    string to_string(const stacktrace_entry& f);
                           ^
p571a.cpp:37:44: error: expected ')'
    string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                                           ^
p571a.cpp:37:21: note: to match this '('
    string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                    ^
p571a.cpp:40:58: error: unknown type name 'stacktrace_entry'
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const stacktrace_entry& f);
                                                         ^
p571a.cpp:43:74: error: expected ')'
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                                                                         ^
p571a.cpp:43:17: note: to match this '('
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                ^
p571a.cpp:45:24: warning: alias declarations are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
    using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                       ^
p571a.cpp:45:40: error: expected ';' after alias declaration
    using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                                       ^
                                       ;
p571a.cpp:49:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'stacktrace_entry'
template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
                       ^
p571a.cpp:50:55: error: expected '>'
template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
                                                      ^
p571a.cpp:50:38: note: to match this '<'
template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
                                     ^
2 warnings and 11 errors generated.
rm: cannot remove 'p571al': No such file or directory
$ clang++ p571a.cpp -std=c++2b -o p571al -I. -Wall
p571a.cpp:31:36: error: expected ';' after alias declaration
using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                                   ^
                                   ;
p571a.cpp:33:33: error: expected ')'
      void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
                                ^
p571a.cpp:33:16: note: to match this '('
      void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
               ^
p571a.cpp:34:27: error: use of undeclared identifier 'a'
        noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
                          ^
p571a.cpp:34:34: error: use of undeclared identifier 'b'
        noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
                                 ^
p571a.cpp:35:28: error: unknown type name 'stacktrace_entry'
    string to_string(const stacktrace_entry& f);
                           ^
p571a.cpp:37:44: error: expected ')'
    string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                                           ^
p571a.cpp:37:21: note: to match this '('
    string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                    ^
p571a.cpp:40:58: error: unknown type name 'stacktrace_entry'
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const stacktrace_entry& f);
                                                         ^
p571a.cpp:43:74: error: expected ')'
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                                                                         ^
p571a.cpp:43:17: note: to match this '('
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
                ^
p571a.cpp:45:40: error: expected ';' after alias declaration
    using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
                                       ^
                                       ;
p571a.cpp:49:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'stacktrace_entry'
template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
                       ^
p571a.cpp:50:55: error: expected '>'
template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
                                                      ^
p571a.cpp:50:38: note: to match this '<'
template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
                                     ^
11 errors generated.

$ g++ p571a.cpp -std=c++03 -o p571ag -I. -Wall
In file included from /usr/local/include/c++/12.1.0/atomic:38,
                 from p571a.cpp:19:
/usr/local/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/c++0x_warning.h:32:2: error: #error This file requires compiler and library support for the ISO C++ 2011 standard. This support must be enabled with the -std=c++11 or -std=gnu++11 compiler options.
   32 | #error This file requires compiler and library support \
      |  ^~~~~
p571a.cpp:34:9: warning: identifier 'noexcept' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   34 |         noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
      |         ^~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:31:7: error: expected nested-name-specifier before 'stacktrace'
   31 | using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |       ^~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:33:17: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:33:34: error: 'Allocator' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'allocator'?
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                  ^~~~~~~~~
      |                                  allocator
p571a.cpp:33:49: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:33:66: error: 'Allocator' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'allocator'?
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                                                  ^~~~~~~~~
      |                                                                  allocator
p571a.cpp:34:9: error: expected initializer before 'noexcept'
   34 |         noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
      |         ^~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:35:28: error: 'stacktrace_entry' does not name a type
   35 |     string to_string(const stacktrace_entry& f);
      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:37:28: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   37 |     string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:40:58: error: 'stacktrace_entry' does not name a type
   40 |       operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const stacktrace_entry& f);
      |                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:43:58: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   43 |       operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
      |                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:45:11: error: expected nested-name-specifier before 'stacktrace'
   45 |     using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |           ^~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:49:24: error: 'stacktrace_entry' was not declared in this scope
   49 | template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
      |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:49:40: error: template argument 1 is invalid
   49 | template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
      |                                        ^
p571a.cpp:50:39: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   50 | template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
      |                                       ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:50:65: error: '>>' should be '> >' within a nested template argument list
   50 | template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
      |                                                                 ^~
      |                                                                 > >
p571a.cpp:50:34: error: template parameters not deducible in partial specialization:
   50 | template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
      |                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:50:34: note:         'Allocator'
rm: cannot remove 'p571ag': No such file or directory

$ g++ p571a.cpp -std=c++2b -o p571ag -I. -Wall
p571a.cpp:31:20: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   31 | using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |                    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:31:47: error: 'stacktrace_entry' was not declared in this scope
   31 | using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |                                               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:31:47: error: template argument 1 is invalid
p571a.cpp:33:17: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:33:34: error: 'Allocator' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'allocator'?
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                  ^~~~~~~~~
      |                                  allocator
p571a.cpp:33:49: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:33:66: error: 'Allocator' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'allocator'?
   33 |       void swap(basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& a, basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& b)
      |                                                                  ^~~~~~~~~
      |                                                                  allocator
p571a.cpp:34:27: error: invalid use of incomplete type 'class std::basic_stacktrace'
   34 |         noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b)));
      |                           ^
p571a.cpp:29:13: note: forward declaration of 'class std::basic_stacktrace'
   29 |       class basic_stacktrace;
      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:35:28: error: 'stacktrace_entry' does not name a type; did you mean 'stacktrace'?
   35 |     string to_string(const stacktrace_entry& f);
      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      |                            stacktrace
p571a.cpp:37:28: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   37 |     string to_string(const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
      |                            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:40:58: error: 'stacktrace_entry' does not name a type; did you mean 'stacktrace'?
   40 |       operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const stacktrace_entry& f);
      |                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      |                                                          stacktrace
p571a.cpp:43:58: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   43 |       operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const basic_stacktrace<Allocator>& st);
      |                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:45:24: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   45 |     using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:45:63: error: 'stacktrace_entry' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'stacktrace'?
   45 |     using stacktrace = basic_stacktrace<polymorphic_allocator<stacktrace_entry>>;
      |                                                               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      |                                                               stacktrace
p571a.cpp:45:63: error: template argument 1 is invalid
p571a.cpp:49:24: error: 'stacktrace_entry' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'stacktrace'?
   49 | template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
      |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      |                        stacktrace
p571a.cpp:49:40: error: template argument 1 is invalid
   49 | template<> struct hash<stacktrace_entry>;
      |                                        ^
p571a.cpp:50:39: error: 'std::basic_stacktrace' is not a template
   50 | template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
      |                                       ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:50:34: error: template parameters not deducible in partial specialization:
   50 | template<class Allocator> struct hash<basic_stacktrace<Allocator>>;
      |                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
p571a.cpp:50:34: note:         'Allocator'

検討事項(agenda)

コンパイルエラーを取るか、コンパイルエラーの理由を解説する。

Script

clgc.sh
#!/bin/sh
rm $1l
rm $1g
echo "$ clang++ $1.cpp -std=03 -o $1l -I. -Wall" 
clang++ $1.cpp -std=c++03 -o $1l -I. -Wall
if [  -e $1l ]; then
./$1l 
fi
rm $1l
echo "$ clang++ $1.cpp -std=2b -o $1l -I. -Wall"
clang++ $1.cpp -std=c++2b -o $1l -I. -Wall
if [  -e $1l ]; then
./$1l
fi
echo "\r"
echo "$ g++ $1.cpp -std=03 -o $1g -I. -Wall"
g++ $1.cpp -std=c++03 -o $1g -I. -Wall
if [ -e $1g ]; then
./$1g
fi
rm $1g
echo "\r"
echo "$ g++ $1.cpp -std=2b -o $1g -I. -Wall"
g++ $1.cpp -std=c++2b -o $1g -I. -Wall
if [ -e $1g ]; then
./$1g 
fi

参考資料(reference)

cpprefjp - C++日本語リファレンス

コンパイラの実装状況

typedef は C++11 ではオワコン

C99からC++14を駆け抜けるC++講座

自己参照(self reference)

コピペコンパイルエラーあるある

C++ Error Message Collection(1)does not name a type, 11 articles

dockerにclang

docker gnu(gcc/g++) and llvm(clang/clang++)

コンパイル用shell script C版(clangとgcc)とC++版(clang++とg++)

Compare the contents of C++N4910:2022, C++N4741:2018 and C++N4606:2015

C++ sample list

clang++, g++コンパイルエラー方針の違いの例

astyle 使ってみた

C++N4606 Working Draft 2016, ISO/IEC 14882, C++ standardのコード断片をコンパイルするためにしていること
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a8d7ee2f2e29e76c19c1

コンパイル用shell script C版(clangとgcc)とC++版(clang++とg++)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/74220c0577a512c2d7da

Clang/Clang++(LLVM) gcc/g++(GNU) コンパイラ警告等比較
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9a82b958cc3aeef0403f

C++2003とC++2017でコンパイルエラーになるならない事例集
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a13ea3823441c430edff

Qiitaに投稿するCのStyle例(暫定)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/946df1528a6a1ef2bc0d

cpprefjpのdecltypeをコンパイル試験
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/090909af702f0d5d8a67

MISRA C++ 5-0-16
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7df2d4e05db724752a74

C++ Templates Part1 BASICS Chapter 3. Class Templates 3.2 Use of Class Template Stack stack1test.cpp
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/cd5fc49106fad5a4e9ed

ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013 C Secure Coding Rules(1) All list(to be confirmed)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/54e056195c4f11b850a1

C言語(C++)に対する誤解、曲解、無理解、爽快。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3f3992c9722c1cee2e3a

C Puzzle Bookの有り難み5つ、C言語規格及びCコンパイラの特性を認識
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d89a48c1536a02ecdec9

'wchar.h' file not found で困った clang++ macOS
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/de15cd46d657517fac11

Open POSIX Test Suiteの使い方を調べはじめました
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/644d5e407f5faf96e6dc

MISRA-C 2012 Referenceに掲載している文献の入手可能性を確認
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/96dc8b125e462d5575bb

どうやって MISRA Example Suiteをコンパイルするか
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fbdbff5ff696e2ca7f00

MISRA C まとめ #include
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f1a79a7cbd281607c7c9

「C++完全理解ガイド」の同意できること上位10
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/aa5744e0c4a8618c7671

<この記事は個人の過去の経験に基づく個人の感想です。現在所属する組織、業務とは関係がありません。>

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