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22.6.7 Visitation [variant.visit] C++N4910:2022 (571) p710.cpp

Last updated at Posted at 2022-07-27

はじめに(Introduction)

N4910 Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++

n4910は、ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21の作業原案(Working Draft)です。
公式のISO/IEC 14882原本ではありません。
ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21では、可能な限り作業文書を公開し、幅広い意見を求めています。
一連の記事はコード断片をコンパイルできる形にする方法を検討してコンパイル、リンク、実行して、規格案の原文と処理系(g++, Clang++)との違いを確認し、技術内容を検討し、ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21にフィードバックするために用います。
また、CERT C++, MISRA C++等のコーディング標準のコード断片をコンパイルする際の参考にさせていただこうと考えています。CERT C++, MISRA C++が標準化の動きとの時間的なずれがあれば確認できれば幸いです。また、boostライブラリとの関連、Linux OS, TOPPERSカーネル、g++(GCC), clang++(LLVM)との関係も調査中です。
何か、抜け漏れ、耳より情報がありましたらおしらせくださると幸いです。

<この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。>

背景(back ground)

C/C++でコンパイルエラーが出ると、途方にくれることがしばしばあります。
何回かに1回は、該当するエラーが検索できます。
ただ、条件が違っていて、そこでの修正方法では目的を達成しないこともしばしばです。いろいろな条件のコンパイルエラーとその対応方法について、広く記録することによって、いつか同じエラーに遭遇した時にやくに立つことを目指しています。

この半年の間で、三度、自分のネットでの記録に助けられたことがあります。
また過去に解決できなかった記録を10種類以上、最近になって解決できたことがあります。それは、主に次の3つの情報に基づいています。

https://stackoverflow.com
https://cpprefjp.github.io
http://ja.cppreference.com/

また
https://researchmap.jp/joub9b3my-1797580/#_1797580
に記載したサイトのお世話になっています。

作業方針(sequence)

Clang++では-std=c++03, C++2bの2種類
g++では-std=c++03, c++2bの2種類
でコンパイルし、

1)コンパイルエラーを収集する。
2)コンパイルエラーをなくす方法を検討する。
コンパイルエラーになる例を示すだけが目的のコードは、コンパイルエラーをなくすのではなく、コンパイルエラーの種類を収集するだけにする。
文法を示すのが目的のコード場合に、コンパイルエラーをなくすのに手間がかかる場合は、順次作業します。
3)リンクエラーをなくす方法を検討する。
文法を示すのが目的のコード場合に、リンクエラーをなくすのに手間がかかる場合は、順次作業します。
4)意味のある出力を作る。
コンパイル、リンクが通っても、意味のある出力を示そうとすると、コンパイル・リンクエラーが出て収拾できそうにない場合がある。順次作業します。

1)だけのものから4)まで進んだものと色々ある状態です。一歩でも前に進むご助言をお待ちしています。「検討事項」の欄に現状を記録するようにしています。

C++N4910:2022 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882(0) sample code compile list

C++N4741, 2018 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882 sample code compile list

C++N4606, 2016符号断片編纂一覧(example code compile list)

C++N4606, 2016 Working Draft 2016, ISO/IEC 14882, C++ standard(1) Example code compile list
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/df5d62c35bd6ed1c3d43/

C++N3242, 2011 sample code compile list on clang++ and g++

編纂器(Compiler)

clang++ --version

Debian clang version 14.0.5-++20220610033153+c12386ae247c-1~exp1~20220610153237.151
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, Thread model: posix, InstalledDir: /usr/bin

g++- --version

g++ (GCC) 12.1.0 Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

22.6.7 Visitation [variant.visit] C++N4910:2022 (571) p710.cpp

算譜(source code)

p710.cpp
// C++N4910 Committee Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2022/n4910.pdf
const char * n4910 = "22.6.7 Visitation [variant.visit] C++N4910:2022 (571) p710.cpp";
// Debian clang version 14.0.5-++20220610033153+c12386ae247c-
// g++ (GCC) 12.1.0 Copyright (C) 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
// Edited by Dr. OGAWA Kiyoshi. Compile procedure and results record.
// C++N4910:2022 Standard Working Draft on ISO/IEC 14882(0) sample code compile list
// https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fc957ddddd402004bb91

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <coroutine>
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <map>
#include <atomic>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <optional>
#include <memory>
#include <variant>
#include <typeinfo>

using namespace std;

// Example 1
template<class Visitor, class... Variants>
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
// Let as-variant denote the following exposition-only function templates:
template<class... Ts>
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) {
    return var;
}
template<class... Ts>
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) {
    return var;
}
template<class... Ts>
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) {
    return std::move(var);
}
template<class... Ts>
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>&& var) {
    return std::move(var);
}
// Let n be sizeof...(Variants). For each 0 ≤ i < n, let Vi denote the type decltype(as-variant (std::forward<Variantsi>(varsi))).
// Constraints: Vi is a valid type for all 0 ≤ i < n. Let V denote the pack of types Vi.
// Let m be a pack of n values of type size_t. Such a pack is valid if
// - mi < variant_size_v<remove_reference_t<Vi>> for all 0 ≤ i < n. For each valid pack m, let e(m) denote the expression:
INVOKE (std::forward<Visitor>(vis), get<m>(std::forward<V>(vars))...) // see 22.10.4 for the first form and
INVOKE <R>(std::forward<Visitor>(vis), get<m>(std::forward<V>(vars))...) // see 22.10.4 for the second form.
// Mandates: For each valid pack m, e(m) is a valid expression. All such expressions are of the same type and value category.
// Returns: e(m), where m is the pack for which mi is as-variant (varsi).index() for all 0 ≤ i < n. The return type is decltype(e(m)) for the first form.
// Throws: bad_variant_access if (as-variant (vars).valueless_by_exception() || ...) is true.
// Complexity: For n ≤ 1, the invocation of the callable object is implemented in constant time, i.e., for n = 1, it does not depend on the number of alternative types of V0. For n > 1, the invocation of the callable object has no complexity requirements.
int main() {
    cout  <<  n4910 << endl;
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

編纂・実行結果(compile and go)

bash
$ clang++ p710.cpp -std=03 -o p710l -I. -Wall
In file included from p710.cpp:19:
In file included from /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/atomic:38:
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/bits/c++0x_warning.h:32:2: error: This file requires compiler and library support for the ISO C++ 2011 standard. This support must be enabled with the -std=c++11 or -std=gnu++11 compiler options.
#error This file requires compiler and library support \
 ^
p710.cpp:29:30: warning: variadic templates are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
template<class Visitor, class... Variants>
                             ^
p710.cpp:30:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
^
p710.cpp:30:11: warning: variable templates are a C++14 extension [-Wc++14-extensions]
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
          ^
p710.cpp:30:14: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
             ^
             ;
p710.cpp:30:15: error: unknown type name 'below'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
              ^
p710.cpp:30:27: error: unknown type name 'Visitor'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                          ^
p710.cpp:30:34: warning: rvalue references are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                 ^
p710.cpp:30:42: error: unknown type name 'Variants'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                         ^
p710.cpp:30:50: warning: rvalue references are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                                 ^
p710.cpp:30:52: error: type 'int &&' of function parameter pack does not contain any unexpanded parameter packs
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                         ~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
p710.cpp:32:15: warning: variadic templates are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
template<class... Ts>
              ^
p710.cpp:33:1: warning: 'auto' type specifier is a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
^
p710.cpp:33:5: warning: rvalue references are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
    ^
p710.cpp:33:8: warning: variable templates are a C++14 extension [-Wc++14-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:33:8: error: declaration of variable 'as' with deduced type 'auto &&' requires an initializer
p710.cpp:33:10: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
         ^
         ;
p710.cpp:33:10: error: expected external declaration
p710.cpp:33:27: error: use of undeclared identifier 'Ts'
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
                          ^
p710.cpp:33:11: error: C++ requires a type specifier for all declarations
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
          ^
p710.cpp:34:15: warning: variadic templates are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
template<class... Ts>
              ^
p710.cpp:35:1: warning: 'auto' type specifier is a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
^
p710.cpp:35:5: warning: rvalue references are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
    ^
p710.cpp:35:8: warning: variable templates are a C++14 extension [-Wc++14-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:35:8: error: redefinition of 'as'
p710.cpp:33:8: note: previous definition is here
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:35:8: error: declaration of variable 'as' with deduced type 'auto &&' requires an initializer
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:35:10: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
         ^
         ;
p710.cpp:35:10: error: expected external declaration
p710.cpp:35:25: error: no template named 'variant'
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
                        ^
p710.cpp:35:33: error: use of undeclared identifier 'Ts'
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
                                ^
p710.cpp:35:11: error: C++ requires a type specifier for all declarations
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
          ^
p710.cpp:36:15: warning: variadic templates are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
template<class... Ts>
              ^
p710.cpp:37:1: warning: 'auto' type specifier is a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
^
p710.cpp:37:5: warning: rvalue references are a C++11 extension [-Wc++11-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
    ^
p710.cpp:37:8: warning: variable templates are a C++14 extension [-Wc++14-extensions]
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
       ^
fatal error: too many errors emitted, stopping now [-ferror-limit=]
16 warnings and 20 errors generated.
$ clang++ p710.cpp -std=2b -o p710l -I. -Wall
p710.cpp:30:11: error: unknown type name 'see'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
          ^
p710.cpp:30:20: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                   ^
                   ;
p710.cpp:30:42: error: use of undeclared identifier 'Variants'; did you mean 'variant'?
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                         ^~~~~~~~
                                         variant
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/variant:1287:11: note: 'variant' declared here
    class variant
          ^
p710.cpp:30:27: error: unknown type name 'Visitor'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                          ^
p710.cpp:30:42: error: unknown type name 'Variants'
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                         ^
p710.cpp:30:52: error: type 'int &&' of function parameter pack does not contain any unexpanded parameter packs
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                                         ~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~
p710.cpp:30:21: error: C++ requires a type specifier for all declarations
constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
                    ^
p710.cpp:33:8: error: declaration of variable 'as' with deduced type 'auto &&' requires an initializer
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:33:10: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
         ^
         ;
p710.cpp:33:10: error: expected external declaration
p710.cpp:33:27: error: use of undeclared identifier 'Ts'
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
                          ^
p710.cpp:33:11: error: deduction guide must be declared in the same scope as template 'std::variant'
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
          ^
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../../include/c++/10/variant:1287:11: note: template is declared here
    class variant
          ^
p710.cpp:33:11: error: deduction guide declaration without trailing return type
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
          ^
p710.cpp:33:11: error: deduction guide cannot have a function definition
p710.cpp:35:8: error: redefinition of 'as'
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:33:8: note: previous definition is here
auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:35:8: error: declaration of variable 'as' with deduced type 'auto &&' requires an initializer
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
       ^
p710.cpp:35:10: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
         ^
         ;
p710.cpp:35:10: error: expected external declaration
p710.cpp:35:33: error: use of undeclared identifier 'Ts'
auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
                                ^
fatal error: too many errors emitted, stopping now [-ferror-limit=]
20 errors generated.

$ g++ p710.cpp -std=03 -o p710g -I. -Wall
In file included from /usr/local/include/c++/12.1.0/atomic:38,
                 from p710.cpp:19:
/usr/local/include/c++/12.1.0/bits/c++0x_warning.h:32:2: error: #error This file requires compiler and library support for the ISO C++ 2011 standard. This support must be enabled with the -std=c++11 or -std=gnu++11 compiler options.
   32 | #error This file requires compiler and library support \
      |  ^~~~~
p710.cpp:30:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   30 | constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
      | ^~~~~~~~~
p710.cpp:29:30: warning: variadic templates only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11' [-Wc++11-extensions]
   29 | template<class Visitor, class... Variants>
      |                              ^~~
p710.cpp:30:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
   30 | constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
      | ^~~~~~~~~
p710.cpp:30:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
p710.cpp:32:15: warning: variadic templates only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11' [-Wc++11-extensions]
   32 | template<class... Ts>
      |               ^~~
p710.cpp:33:1: warning: 'auto' changes meaning in C++11; please remove it [-Wc++11-compat]
   33 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      | ^~~~
      | ----
p710.cpp:33:5: error: expected unqualified-id before '&&' token
   33 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      |     ^~
p710.cpp:34:15: warning: variadic templates only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11' [-Wc++11-extensions]
   34 | template<class... Ts>
      |               ^~~
p710.cpp:35:1: warning: 'auto' changes meaning in C++11; please remove it [-Wc++11-compat]
   35 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      | ^~~~
      | ----
p710.cpp:35:5: error: expected unqualified-id before '&&' token
   35 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      |     ^~
p710.cpp:36:15: warning: variadic templates only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11' [-Wc++11-extensions]
   36 | template<class... Ts>
      |               ^~~
p710.cpp:37:1: warning: 'auto' changes meaning in C++11; please remove it [-Wc++11-compat]
   37 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      | ^~~~
      | ----
p710.cpp:37:5: error: expected unqualified-id before '&&' token
   37 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      |     ^~
p710.cpp:38:15: warning: variadic templates only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11' [-Wc++11-extensions]
   38 | template<class... Ts>
      |               ^~~
p710.cpp:39:1: warning: 'auto' changes meaning in C++11; please remove it [-Wc++11-compat]
   39 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      | ^~~~
      | ----
p710.cpp:39:5: error: expected unqualified-id before '&&' token
   39 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      |     ^~
p710.cpp:44:8: error: expected constructor, destructor, or type conversion before '(' token
   44 | INVOKE (std::forward<Visitor>(vis), get<m>(std::forward<V>(vars))...) // see 22.10.4 for the first form and
      |        ^

$ g++ p710.cpp -std=2b -o p710g -I. -Wall
p710.cpp:30:11: error: 'see' does not name a type
   30 | constexpr see below visit(Visitor&& vis, Variants&&... vars);
      |           ^~~
p710.cpp:33:10: error: expected initializer before '-' token
   33 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      |          ^
p710.cpp:35:10: error: expected initializer before '-' token
   35 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>& var) { return var; }
      |          ^
p710.cpp:37:10: error: expected initializer before '-' token
   37 | auto&& as-variant(variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      |          ^
p710.cpp:39:10: error: expected initializer before '-' token
   39 | auto&& as-variant(const variant<Ts...>&& var) { return std::move(var); }
      |          ^
p710.cpp:44:22: error: 'Visitor' was not declared in this scope
   44 | INVOKE (std::forward<Visitor>(vis), get<m>(std::forward<V>(vars))...) // see 22.10.4 for the first form and
      |                      ^~~~~~~
p710.cpp:44:8: error: expected constructor, destructor, or type conversion before '(' token
   44 | INVOKE (std::forward<Visitor>(vis), get<m>(std::forward<V>(vars))...) // see 22.10.4 for the first form and
      |        ^

検討事項(agenda)

コンパイルエラーを取るか、コンパイルエラーの理由を解説する。

参考資料(reference)

cpprefjp - C++日本語リファレンス

コンパイラの実装状況

typedef は C++11 ではオワコン

C99からC++14を駆け抜けるC++講座

@kazuo_reve 私が効果を確認した「小川メソッド」

自己参照(self reference)

ockerにclang

docker gnu(gcc/g++) and llvm(clang/clang++)

コンパイル用shell script C版(clangとgcc)とC++版(clang++とg++)

C++N4910:2022 tag follower 200人超えました。ありがとうございます。

C++N4910:2022 tag follower 200人超えました。ありがとうございます。

コピペコンパイルエラーあるある

C++ Error Message Collection(1)does not name a type, 11 articles

dockerにclang

docker gnu(gcc/g++) and llvm(clang/clang++)

コンパイル用shell script C版(clangとgcc)とC++版(clang++とg++)

Compare the contents of C++N4910:2022, C++N4741:2018 and C++N4606:2015

C++ sample list

clang++, g++コンパイルエラー方針の違いの例

astyle 使ってみた

C++N4606 Working Draft 2016, ISO/IEC 14882, C++ standardのコード断片をコンパイルするためにしていること
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a8d7ee2f2e29e76c19c1

コンパイル用shell script C版(clangとgcc)とC++版(clang++とg++)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/74220c0577a512c2d7da

Clang/Clang++(LLVM) gcc/g++(GNU) コンパイラ警告等比較
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9a82b958cc3aeef0403f

C++2003とC++2017でコンパイルエラーになるならない事例集
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a13ea3823441c430edff

Qiitaに投稿するCのStyle例(暫定)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/946df1528a6a1ef2bc0d

cpprefjpのdecltypeをコンパイル試験
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/090909af702f0d5d8a67

MISRA C++ 5-0-16
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7df2d4e05db724752a74

C++ Templates Part1 BASICS Chapter 3. Class Templates 3.2 Use of Class Template Stack stack1test.cpp
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/cd5fc49106fad5a4e9ed

ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013 C Secure Coding Rules(1) All list(to be confirmed)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/54e056195c4f11b850a1

C言語(C++)に対する誤解、曲解、無理解、爽快。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3f3992c9722c1cee2e3a

C Puzzle Bookの有り難み5つ、C言語規格及びCコンパイラの特性を認識
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d89a48c1536a02ecdec9

'wchar.h' file not found で困った clang++ macOS
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/de15cd46d657517fac11

Open POSIX Test Suiteの使い方を調べはじめました
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/644d5e407f5faf96e6dc

MISRA-C 2012 Referenceに掲載している文献の入手可能性を確認
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/96dc8b125e462d5575bb

どうやって MISRA Example Suiteをコンパイルするか
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fbdbff5ff696e2ca7f00

MISRA C まとめ #include
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f1a79a7cbd281607c7c9

「C++完全理解ガイド」の同意できること上位10
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/aa5744e0c4a8618c7671

DoCAP(ドゥーキャップ)って何ですか?

小川メソッド 覚え(書きかけ)

<この記事は個人の過去の経験に基づく個人の感想です。現在所属する組織、業務とは関係がありません。>

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