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FreeBSD 12で自宅サーバの構築 jail内基本システム編

Last updated at Posted at 2019-02-16

はじめに

FreeBSD 12を使用した自宅サーバの構築を行った。FreeBSD 12はリリースされて間もない状態ですが、カーネルに標準でVIMAGEが取り込まれDNSの外向きと、内向きを別々のシステム(jail+VIMAGE)が同一ホストで構築できることから採用することにしました。その時の構築手順を備忘録の意味も含め、具体的にいくつかに渡り説明する。

基本の設定(jail1・jail2共通)

jail内の基本設定を行っていくが、基本的にはホストのインストールと同等の部分は手順だけを記述する(jail1で実行したログを記載するがjail2も同様)。

rootのパスワードの設定

jail1にログインし最初にパスワードを設定する。

# qjail console jail1
Last login: Fri Feb 15 22:08:10 on pts/0
FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE-p3 GENERIC

Welcome to your FreeBSD jail.
jail1 /root >passwd
Changing local password for root
New Password:
Retype New Password:

rootのプロンプトに#が出るよう以下のように変更する。

~/.cshrc
-        set prompt = "`/bin/hostname -s` %/ >"
+        set prompt = "`/bin/hostname -s` %/ # "

ファイヤーウォールの設定

jail1 /root # ipfw show
65535 10 892 deny ip from any to any

ipfwが全てdenyになっているので前節で設定した内容を適用する。
まず使用宣言。

/etc/rc.conf
firewall_enable="YES"
firewall_type="/etc/firewall.tab"
firewall_logging="YES"

5200番については、ホスト側と違いブリッジ接続により経由がないため、ローカルネットではなく自分自身にしている。なお、jqil1とjail2ではポートの使い方が違うので最適に変更したほうがいいが、大きな問題とは思えないのでこれで行く。

/etc/firewall.tab
add 5000 allow ip from 192.168.1.0/24 to any
add 5200 allow tcp from any to me established
# hosts,DNS,NTP
add 6000 allow udp from any to me 53,123
add 6100 allow udp from any 53,123 to me
add 6400 allow tcp from any to me 53,123
add 6500 allow tcp from any 53,123 to me
# ftp,ssh,smtp,http,https,smtps,smtp,imaps,pop3s
add 7000 allow tcp from any to me 20-22,25,80,443,465,587,993,995
#
add 60000 deny tcp from any to me
add 60100 deny udp from any to me
add 60400 deny ip from any to me

設定をipfwに読み込ませるreloadを使いたいところですが、このコマンドはサポートされていないようなので以下のように再起動する。

jail1 /root # service ipfw restart
Flushed all rules.
00100 allow ip from any to any via lo0
00200 deny ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8
00300 deny ip from 127.0.0.0/8 to any
00400 deny ip from any to ::1
00500 deny ip from ::1 to any
00600 allow ipv6-icmp from :: to ff02::/16
00700 allow ipv6-icmp from fe80::/10 to fe80::/10
00800 allow ipv6-icmp from fe80::/10 to ff02::/16
00900 allow ipv6-icmp from any to any icmp6types 1
01000 allow ipv6-icmp from any to any icmp6types 2,135,136
05000 allow ip from 192.168.1.0/24 to any
05200 allow tcp from any to me established
06000 allow udp from any to me 53,123
06100 allow udp from any 53,123 to me
06400 allow tcp from any to me 53,123
06500 allow tcp from any 53,123 to me
07000 allow tcp from any to me 20-22,25,80,443,465,587,993,995
60000 deny tcp from any to me
60100 deny udp from any to me
60400 deny ip from any to me
Firewall rules loaded.
Firewall logging enabled.

blacklistd

ftp・ssh・smtpなどのDoS攻撃を防止する方法としてblacklistdを使用する。
例によってい使用宣言

/etc/rc.conf
blacklistd_enable="YES"
blacklistd_flags="-r"

-rフラグは、システムを再起動しても再度ルールを適用してブロックを開始する。なお、-fを指定すると再起動時にそれまでの履歴が消去される。ルールはデフォルから追加している。

/etc/blacklistd.conf
# $FreeBSD: releng/12.0/usr.sbin/blacklistd/blacklistd.conf 336977 2018-07-31 16:39:38Z brd $
#
# Blacklist rule
# adr/mask:port type    proto   owner           name    nfail   disable
[local]
ssh             stream  *       *               *       3       24h
ftp             stream  *       *               *       3       24h
smtp            stream  *       *               *       3       24h
smtps           stream  *       *               *       3       24h
submission      stream  *       *               *       3       24h
imaps           stream  *       *               *       3       24h
pop3s           stream  *       *               *       3       24h

#6161           stream  tcp6    christos        *       2       10m
*               *       *       *               *       3       60

# adr/mask:port type    proto   owner           name    nfail   disable
[remote]
#129.168.0.0/16 *       *       *               =       *       *
#6161           =       =       =               =/24    =       =
#*              stream  tcp     *               =       =       =

開始する

jail1 /root # service blacklistd start
Starting blacklistd.

jail用ports collectionの初期設定

jail内でのportsの使い方はデフォルトで以下のように設定されている。

/etc/make.conf
WRKDIRPREFIX=   /var/ports
DISTDIR=        /var/ports/distfiles
PACKAGES=       /var/ports/packages
INDEXDIR=       /var/ports

そこで以下のように準備する。

jail1 /root # mkdir -p /var/ports/distfiles
jail1 /root # mkdir -p /var/ports/packages
jail1 /root # cp -p /usr/ports/INDEX-12 /var/ports
jail1 /root # pkg install portupgrade
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
pkg: Repository FreeBSD load error: access repo file(/var/db/pkg/repo-FreeBSD.sqlite) failed: No such file or directory
[jail1] Fetching meta.txz: 100%    944 B   0.9kB/s    00:01
[jail1] Fetching packagesite.txz: 100%    6 MiB 607.4kB/s    00:11
Processing entries: 100%
FreeBSD repository update completed. 32074 packages processed.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 9 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        portupgrade: 2.4.16,2
        ruby: 2.4.5_1,1
        libyaml: 0.2.1
        libunwind: 20170615
        libffi: 3.2.1_3
        indexinfo: 0.3.1
        libedit: 3.1.20170329_2,1
        ruby24-bdb: 0.6.6_5
        db5: 5.3.28_7

Number of packages to be installed: 9

The process will require 95 MiB more space.
22 MiB to be downloaded.
[jail1] [1/9] Fetching portupgrade-2.4.16,2.txz: 100%   92 KiB  94.5kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [2/9] Fetching ruby-2.4.5_1,1.txz: 100%    9 MiB 529.5kB/s    00:17
[jail1] [3/9] Fetching libyaml-0.2.1.txz: 100%   66 KiB  67.4kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [4/9] Fetching libunwind-20170615.txz: 100%  113 KiB 115.7kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [5/9] Fetching libffi-3.2.1_3.txz: 100%   34 KiB  35.0kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [6/9] Fetching indexinfo-0.3.1.txz: 100%    6 KiB   6.1kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [7/9] Fetching libedit-3.1.20170329_2,1.txz: 100%  123 KiB 125.6kB/s    00:01
[jail1] [8/9] Fetching ruby24-bdb-0.6.6_5.txz: 100%  363 KiB 186.1kB/s    00:02
[jail1] [9/9] Fetching db5-5.3.28_7.txz: 100%   12 MiB 426.5kB/s    00:30
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[jail1] [1/9] Installing indexinfo-0.3.1...
[jail1] [1/9] Extracting indexinfo-0.3.1: 100%
[jail1] [2/9] Installing libyaml-0.2.1...
[jail1] [2/9] Extracting libyaml-0.2.1: 100%
[jail1] [3/9] Installing libunwind-20170615...
[jail1] [3/9] Extracting libunwind-20170615: 100%
[jail1] [4/9] Installing libffi-3.2.1_3...
[jail1] [4/9] Extracting libffi-3.2.1_3: 100%
[jail1] [5/9] Installing libedit-3.1.20170329_2,1...
[jail1] [5/9] Extracting libedit-3.1.20170329_2,1: 100%
[jail1] [6/9] Installing ruby-2.4.5_1,1...
[jail1] [6/9] Extracting ruby-2.4.5_1,1: 100%
[jail1] [7/9] Installing db5-5.3.28_7...
[jail1] [7/9] Extracting db5-5.3.28_7: 100%
[jail1] [8/9] Installing ruby24-bdb-0.6.6_5...
[jail1] [8/9] Extracting ruby24-bdb-0.6.6_5: 100%
[jail1] [9/9] Installing portupgrade-2.4.16,2...
[jail1] [9/9] Extracting portupgrade-2.4.16,2: 100%
Message from ruby-2.4.5_1,1:

====
Some of the standard commands are provided as separate ports for ease
of upgrading:

        devel/ruby-gems:        gem - RubyGems package manager
        devel/rubygem-rake:     rake - Ruby Make

And some of the standard libraries are provided as separate ports
since they require extra dependencies:

        databases/ruby-gdbm:    GDBM module

Install them as occasion demands.

ここで/usr/ports/INDEX-12を/var/portsにコピーしているが、最初にportsを使った(portinstall)ときに自動でできるだろうと思ったが、以下のようなエラーが連続的に発生し終了しなかった。

--->  Session started at: Mon, 04 Feb 2019 20:03:20 +0900
Fetching the ports index ... Certificate verification failed for /C=US/O=Let's Encrypt/CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
34370572288:error:1416F086:SSL routines:tls_process_server_certificate:certificate verify failed:/usr/src/crypto/openssl/ssl/statem/statem_clnt.c:1925:
fetch: https://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/INDEX-12.bz2: Authentication error
Certificate verification failed for /C=US/O=Let's Encrypt/CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
34370572288:error:1416F086:SSL routines:tls_process_server_certificate:certificate verify failed:/usr/src/crypto/openssl/ssl/statem/statem_clnt.c:1925:
fetch: https://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/INDEX-12.bz2: Authentication error
Certificate verification failed for /C=US/O=Let's Encrypt/CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
...

portinstallユーティリティでindexをダウンロードするURLにhttpsとなっているが認証できないようです。これを以下のようにすると正常にダウンロードができた。どちらかを修正してもらうとありがたい。(2019/3/3修正)

fetch http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/INDEX-12.bz2

しかし、前節で実施したportsnapで/usr/ports(/usr/jails/sharedfs/usr/ports)にダウンロードしているのでコピーすることとした。

fetchが標準ではhttpsからダウンロードすることができないことがわかった。以下のように証明書をインストールすれば可能になった。

jail1 /root # pkg install ca_root_nss
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
FreeBSD repository is up to date.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        ca_root_nss: 3.42.1

Number of packages to be installed: 1

290 KiB to be downloaded.
[jail1] [1/1] Fetching ca_root_nss-3.42.1.txz: 100%  290 KiB 148.5kB/s    00:02
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[jail1] [1/1] Installing ca_root_nss-3.42.1...
[jail1] [1/1] Extracting ca_root_nss-3.42.1: 100%
Message from ca_root_nss-3.42.1:

********************************* WARNING *********************************

FreeBSD does not, and can not warrant that the certification authorities
whose certificates are included in this package have in any way been
audited for trustworthiness or RFC 3647 compliance.

Assessment and verification of trust is the complete responsibility of the
system administrator.

*********************************** NOTE **********************************

This package installs symlinks to support root certificates discovery by
default for software that uses OpenSSL.

This enables SSL Certificate Verification by client software without manual
intervention.

If you prefer to do this manually, replace the following symlinks with
either an empty file or your site-local certificate bundle.

  * /etc/ssl/cert.pem
  * /usr/local/etc/ssl/cert.pem
  * /usr/local/openssl/cert.pem

***************************************************************************
jail1 /root # fetch https://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/INDEX-12.bz2
INDEX-12.bz2                                          2323 kB   70 kBps    33s

sshの設定

外部からsshでログインするための一般ユーザアカウントを作成し進める。

jail1 /root # adduser
Username: hoge
Full name: hoge hoge
Uid (Leave empty for default): 1000
Login group [hoge]:
Login group is hoge. Invite naka into other groups? []: wheel
Login class [default]:
Shell (sh csh tcsh nologin) [sh]: csh
Home directory [/home/hoge]:
Home directory permissions (Leave empty for default):
Use password-based authentication? [yes]:
Use an empty password? (yes/no) [no]:
Use a random password? (yes/no) [no]:
Enter password:
Enter password again:
Lock out the account after creation? [no]:
Username   : hoge
Password   : *****
Full Name  : hoge hoge
Uid        : 1000
Class      :
Groups     : hoge wheel
Home       : /home/hoge
Home Mode  :
Shell      : /bin/csh
Locked     : no
OK? (yes/no): yes
adduser: INFO: Successfully added (hoge) to the user database.
Add another user? (yes/no): no
Goodbye!
jail1 /root >su hoge
/root >

プロンプトを分かりやすくするため%に変更する。

~/.cshrc
-        set prompt = "%/ >"
+        set prompt = "`/bin/hostname -s` %/ % "
jail1 /root % ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/hoge/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/home/hoge/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/hoge/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/hoge/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:sqwi8l7H2M7uC/5/Axs4FCn0NEfA4PTOyg67cChtvfI hoge@jail1
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|   .+o++o        |
|   o.++o         |
|    ..o.         |
|     o.          |
|     .+.S        |
| o o *ooo        |
|+ = B *. +       |
|++o* B  . o      |
|.+==E+Bo.. .     |
+----[SHA256]-----+
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin forced-commands-only
/etc/rc.conf
sshd_enable="YES"
sshd_flags="-o UseBlacklist=yes"
jail1 /root # service sshd start
Generating RSA host key.
2048 SHA256:gNA9qvynGV/Rt3UgrUILMma0i3kXxo+9kG4n+verYH8 root@jail1 (RSA)
Generating ECDSA host key.
256 SHA256:+eeLAztl1afarobO1DTxnCboh36y9jxoMdSAyA6LMyM root@jail1 (ECDSA)
Generating ED25519 host key.
256 SHA256:qPhCqle4rgLLk/Etnt4BwhxuAJSCCtOSLHa1I7Nk5eI root@jail1 (ED25519)
Performing sanity check on sshd configuration.
Starting sshd.

ftpサーバ

ftpについては、以下の設定をすることによりftpが使用でき連携される。最初に使用宣言。

/etc/rc.conf
inetd_enable="YES"

最後の-Bはデフォルトでは無くblacklistdと連携するためのオプションである

/etc/inetd.conf
ftp     stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/libexec/ftpd       ftpd -l -B

inetdを立ち上げ、blacklistdと連携するため再起動する

jail1 /root # service inetd start
Starting inetd.
jail1 /root # service blacklistd restart
Stopping blacklistd.
Waiting for PIDS: 2224.
Starting blacklistd.

OS・portsのメインテナンス

jailのOSとportsのアップデートはqjailで以下のコマンドでできるが、何れもホストで実施する事になり、この部分は別途整理する。

# qjail update -b
# qjail update -p

rootへのメールを自分宛にする

/etc/aliases
root:           hoge1@exsample.jp
jail1 /root # newaliases

pkgのレポシトリ

jail1 /root # mkdir -p /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/
jail1 /root # echo 'FreeBSD: { url: "pkg+http://pkg.FreeBSD.org/${ABI}/latest" }' > /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf
jail1 /root # pkg update
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
pkg: Repository FreeBSD has a wrong packagesite, need to re-create database
[jail1] Fetching meta.txz: 100%    944 B   0.9kB/s    00:01
[jail1] Fetching packagesite.txz: 100%    6 MiB 290.8kB/s    00:23
Processing entries: 100%
FreeBSD repository update completed. 31964 packages processed.
All repositories are up to date.

japanese/less

jail1 /root # pkg install japanese/less
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
FreeBSD repository is up to date.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        ja-less: 382.262.03.01

Number of packages to be installed: 1

191 KiB to be downloaded.
[jail1][1/1] Fetching ja-less-382.262.03.01.txz: 100%  191 KiB 195.8kB/s    00:01
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[jail1][1/1] Installing ja-less-382.262.03.01...
[jail1][1/1] Extracting ja-less-382.262.03.01: 100%
~/.cshrc
alias less      /usr/local/bin/jless
setenv  LC_CTYPE        ja_JP.eucJP
setenv  PAGER           /usr/local/bin/jless

libiconv

jail1 /root # portinstall libiconv
省略

libiconv.jpg

jail1 /root # pkg lock libiconv
Locking libiconv-1.14_11
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