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@takaheraw@githubinREADYFOR株式会社

ブロックチェーン、マイニング

Posted at

ブロックを対象とする処理群

  • 不正を含まない台帳記録として、コンセンサスを確定する処理
  • プルーフ・オブ・ワークの付与によって記録の非可逆性を保証する処理
  • 分岐(フォーク)が可能な時系列的記録の中で、ベストなものをマイニングゲームによって選択する処理

ブロックの構造

サイズ フィールド名 説明
4バイト Block Size ブロックのデータサイズ
80バイト Block Header ブロックヘッダ
1〜9バイト Transaction Counter ブロックに含まれるトランザクション数
可変長 Transactions ブロックに含まれるトランザクションのリスト

ブロックの識別子(ブロックハッシュ、ブロック高)

  • 現在のブロックチェーンの先端
$ bitcoin-cli getchaintips
[
  {
    "height": 1209804, # ブロック高
    "hash": "00000000003f8e9c367da65c5dc722f26f632d21dc6ed7b3f10d43b0b4d6d26e", # ブロックハッシュ
    "branchlen": 0,
    "status": "active"
  },
  {
    "height": 1209730, # ブロック高
    "hash": "000000000000072055241f276cdbb1f125474fe478e44f7e4a330239c1d6ca4f", # ブロックハッシュ
    "branchlen": 1,
    "status": "valid-fork"
  }
]
  • 以前のブロックハッシュ
$ bitcoin-cli getblockhash 1209730
000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1

ブロックの本体

$ bitcoin-cli getblock 000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1
{
  "hash": "000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1",
  "confirmations": 75,
  "strippedsize": 41332,
  "size": 59515,
  "weight": 183511,
  "height": 1209730,
  "version": 536870912,
  "versionHex": "20000000",
  "merkleroot": "8cec087a633983350593c5613bfa1cdd8261337a997016495d3d7b9df8b9f052",
  "tx": [
    "4c82a543054837429d2fd3828c9424859235c53311f91a2131b42a3be6631960",
    "fac2f65388603baf42862036580de86b945c2402d73ec2df83b3b8da86a4e687",
    "3ffcfc32efd0dde34df55a742de0f7903ac2963fdb3366899f4b59fb7e84eb03",
    ・・・
    "84b239c645713694ca7b18207e1dec352d141da4c934fda9c0fc105e322bb3d1"
  ],
  "time": 1507421789,
  "mediantime": 1507415715,
  "nonce": 430028490,
  "bits": "1d00ffff",
  "difficulty": 1,
  "chainwork": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000310c1d0e1ccf4abf7c",
  "previousblockhash": "00000000cd6f673999370ca9f570885c54f318c9f6e3f8ed135f1c73d0a7a0a6",
  "nextblockhash": "00000000001216475c736d229f28c166e8119d8f174a4a7879d22f8226636a6e"
}

ブロックヘッダの構造

バイト数 フィールド名 型 説明
4 version int32_t このブロックを正当化したブロック検証ルールのセットを表示するバージョン番号
32 previous block header hash char[32] 直前のヘッダのハッシュ値(SHA256(SHA256()))のInternal Byte Order(バイト単位で順序を反転)
32 merkle root hash char[32] このブロック内の全トランザクションをまとめたマークルルートハッシュ値(SHA256(SHA256()))
4 time uint32_t このブロックを作成したマイナーがマイニングを開始した時刻(Unix epoch time)
4 Difficulty Target uint32_t Proof of Work法の難易度ターゲット
4 Nonce uint32_t Proof of Work法のためのナンス 
$ bitcoin-cli getblockheader 000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1
{
  "hash": "000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1",
  "confirmations": 76,
  "height": 1209730,
  "version": 536870912,
  "versionHex": "20000000",
  "merkleroot": "8cec087a633983350593c5613bfa1cdd8261337a997016495d3d7b9df8b9f052",
  "time": 1507421789,
  "mediantime": 1507415715,
  "nonce": 430028490,
  "bits": "1d00ffff",
  "difficulty": 1,
  "chainwork": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000310c1d0e1ccf4abf7c",
  "previousblockhash": "00000000cd6f673999370ca9f570885c54f318c9f6e3f8ed135f1c73d0a7a0a6",
  "nextblockhash": "00000000001216475c736d229f28c166e8119d8f174a4a7879d22f8226636a6e"
}
  • 16進数表示
$ bitcoin-cli getblockheader 000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1 false
00000020a6a0a7d0731c5f13edf8e3f6c918f3545c8870f5a90c379939676fcd0000000052f0b9f89d7b3d5d491670997a336182dd1cfa3b61c59305358339637a08ec8c5d6ed959ffff001dcab6a119
  • ブロックハッシュ

SHA-256を2回作用させ、Internal Byte Orderで順序を反転したものをさらに逆順にする

irb(main):001:0> require 'digest'
=> true
irb(main):002:0> def dhash(data)
irb(main):003:1> Digest::SHA256.digest(Digest::SHA256.digest([data].pack("H*"))).unpack("h*")[0].reverse
irb(main):004:1> end
=> :dhash
irb(main):005:0> block_header = "00000020a6a0a7d0731c5f13edf8e3f6c918f3545c8870f5a90c379939676fcd0000000052f0b9f89d7b3d5d491670997a336182dd1cfa3b61c59305358339637a08ec8c5d6ed959ffff001dcab6a119"
irb(main):006:0> dhash(block_header)
=> "000000000002f85b50e40b11cbda847b9c22a1941153602bbd0dddc0b82479f1"

マークル木

  • 大規模データを効率的に要約し検証できるようにするデータ構造
  • 暗号学的なハッシュ値を含む二分木(binary tree)
  • 再帰的に葉ノードのペアから１つのハッシュ値を計算し、ハッシュ値が１つだけ残るまで続ける
  • 最後に残ったハッシュ値をマークルルートと呼ぶ
  • ハッシュアルゴリズムは、SHA256を2回適用したもので、double-SHA256
require 'digest'

def dhash(data)
  Digest::SHA256.digest(Digest::SHA256.digest([data].pack("H*").reverse)).reverse.unpack("H*")[0]
end

def merkle_root(nodes)
  if nodes.size == 1
    nodes[0]
  else
    merkle_root(nodes.each_slice(2).map{|x|
      if 
        x.size == 2 then dhash(x[1] + x[0])
      else 
        dhash(x[0] + x[0])
      end
    })
  end
end

TXID_LIST = [
  "4c82a543054837429d2fd3828c9424859235c53311f91a2131b42a3be6631960",
  "fac2f65388603baf42862036580de86b945c2402d73ec2df83b3b8da86a4e687",
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  "fe0f947c5ee948774bfae0aba2ccf34c49437445b2925b4b8a987e524f31a419",
  "ec77838716e78c943d902208e7f97d35c17f9d6e11efc6c82b8198aaab01fe1c",
  "856680d642fbd1e4570143b2bdd203f6a444dfe999969f3075dd8a7bb5da5e23",
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  "b7108259badee4f161f6cbe913d53d6511194d4489656897917b1d8a7ef78a70",
  "38dfe8a9cb9714dd7bf683a972a167f65a80a1253375a450fe59e0041adf817e",
  "9396d98d8a7f58d30439cd9671a8d91e202e5970850018201cf8121e369708a0",
  "1809b4fdb72078c0bd26d395f80c68e9eaf0a6eb16b60501947790c4d8dacfa0",
  "e544a789771af16a1946b226e9248791305369f8ef733ef962c99f6bd8bce9aa",
  "83baa37215ecddde5466a2e2c982cc1eb3b0a77a5ef76c964421e3afdb9f99c1",
  "c28fbd58b49162dc108942fee2410ca7ff0bd028fbf05f8ea79306fa81e87ec4",
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  "21bab7d58e9fd708ae879d096a174b977e8b80d2c5a143f0b33ca1e63d900c5d",
  "a445bd1299d055a025db815146b5decadb7d0d94ebd17a4f73dab400efffde07",
  "7701c3a7e76ad5cf5967c44ad053c14f68ce7ca387eada82b440732964b8dcc8",
  "e710bada658302a6c048186d10dc699222bc4c7a764a96f3c010f713eca042e7",
  "a03e4c9812b393a29e61e50450c1f4b17db4197cf9b432c201f7fe1b2d21c5ec",
  "f4714e88bc8b2de684e60345971aae2496c0bb89115c73020709b10d0c0844f6",
  "20a1cfe1752f24d9d9f77f42aa304fee52799ab0c932a202b15fc0b5c2ebb0ee",
  "07459f6a5000ba97098d464fe408a715993f8c4875963f478e56cd6878e7099a",
  "020f0f4e0b18692799cd9e4f0d83662118c33c1bf5549e65c07c5c78f3f3c9ba",
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  "1f781e291cd9471f6d304960d9fb621ada39e386c1e630968492cf568dd7b924",
  "ccae3efe56b9fbf310a28355c641cef9172bdc08b338ba0c70246ab6163f3474",
  "412d7e3abaded846264c2fe0d9c4519f3cde678c95e89c1b92fa87f0185e81d7",
  "de237bfc753223c4476df9ad19bc7f441f248754d2c06f9fe178feea38a0ecd9",
  "11ffb82186ce1e313e1ee94b9f217188d32819ca7710352af7dc84122208d305",
  "b61550dd2f42dca535cd6edf2bbb0bdb015a2859403950873d626f7cf7cf4178",
  "6231fe7fcf77cf6ca202954160acf36d5ea177231fd8662b1324588a1e90f588",
  "4f42051460eb87cc3647df0d7d4e50381abacecd686f967ec24cc7f695d654ca",
  "da5336656b37817a0f8a3aaea50520abbdd7fd106caca35f7d368ac59911dc04",
  "1481781b86a04b9d03d792b905459b3098bd9f688d62ec18700b798f9d982ac6",
  "01c61cf5d115ab0413ead58bbaed41be8e3bd881d8c4a9fad1fdcadec733d0be",
  "31a36908307859b45881a0f813ae06e4a19f890f7473895a4159588fb145bb6b",
  "c09f7dbfba40a178bc46d5d1bdf89891c6d5c115d7bf24602aa3d814ff908cf3",
  "0562e1a5dd691306c0d898c579acd5a59097953e5dd544b49c9226be6075e704",
  "14b07d5a1bd5c5df0adc91eb216bbfb6dd3de4dcfe2a090a391afc99f667264c",
  "e905996f6a8dd5dd2253579c19d59aa7ec877658365ad607d4b116dffd6fca78",
  "5da3ba0aab210b866c081215ff96ecd809f84d43f3660fe2f8a833b1cc2f839b",
  "ef418d9db37505022885193aaf8876c7a30159d2c005bed134a43c67890faea8",
  "97307fd108262cb8be901b8ada38282365e5d3b5a73793ecb4362ddb1dc6f2ae",
  "195ac83205a9cb2eb87632c9a3f5ba2463bd2b903fb9becee264f7a7b0a35bbb",
  "a4b3551574a316a0435bb98451b1807f048c34b3677c9054f4a1b2a5b00aa6da",
  "1e4334577d945fc02c0e6da5f558be6e83a6c6f0333c6e84dffb4642e151a5a9",
  "f825997517964dc80eef6490c5e65da10c8be3745dc303e2c7d3878e7b3caea9",
  "9bcf20934c19053e471ff9aac86b3be330d3605f7322998b312d67ef4d7cec42",
  "53f03eec7004f5c3e5751f576d34c3c06cd0cd833191decc64c41b13be8af570",
  "e2984a7d1155ef104f98e938b3747ae1fc62d207fc216005197e878b29dea29d",
  "56e3d48278e5b7880490c8fed8e21ceb37d81e31e9f0c84437d084edad1da991",
  "9f86f83bd53b7bf8ac6783df86a8d93974ffd5eae485f8c310302b076f60393f",
  "fb8ffac63d5c784ea557596f1a1b491f220c6e252f553562df0a70f98191d7c2",
  "f47d2ed760625fb5e29feb267a5ca3d9f6ff6a8a709eb20a1a3f52bf4bbaab29",
  "84b239c645713694ca7b18207e1dec352d141da4c934fda9c0fc105e322bb3d1"
]

m_root = merkle_root(TXID_LIST)
=> 8cec087a633983350593c5613bfa1cdd8261337a997016495d3d7b9df8b9f052 # merklerootに一致する

マイニング

マイニング処理

  • 入力はブロックヘッダ
  • Nonceフィールドの値を順次変更しながらブロックヘッダのSHA-256によるハッシュ値の計算を求め、そのハッシュ値がブロックヘッダのDifficulty Targetフィールドで定められた難易度ターゲットよりも小さい数値であれば成功
irb(main):001:0> block_header = "00000020a6a0a7d0731c5f13edf8e3f6c918f3545c8870f5a90c379939676fcd0000000052f0b9f89d7b3d5d491670997a336182dd1cfa3b61c59305358339637a08ec8c5d6ed959ffff001dcab6a119"
# ブロックヘッダ最後の4バイトであるNonceフィールドの値もInternal Byte Orderになっているので、これをバイト単位で順序を反転させさらに逆順にする
irb(main):003:0> nonce = [block_header[-8..-1]].pack('H*').unpack('h*')[0].reverse.to_i(16)
=> 430028490

Coinbaseトランザクション

vinというフィールドがCoinbaseトランザクションのインプット領域

$ bitcoin-cli getrawtransaction 4c82a543054837429d2fd3828c9424859235c53311f91a2131b42a3be6631960
010000000001010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff23038275120004606ed9590497971d180c869ed759397a0600000000000a636b706f6f6cffffffff02d5d78b09000000001976a9140dc69aebc1f6ca94c1455302faf7df61ad546de888ac0000000000000000266a24aa21a9ed8e5a9d7029e17ee443dd7a5f28ea8b247c6292041d79ba606f51d86198a121d60120000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

$ bitcoin-cli decoderawtransaction 010000000001010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff23038275120004606ed9590497971d180c869ed759397a0600000000000a636b706f6f6cffffffff02d5d78b09000000001976a9140dc69aebc1f6ca94c1455302faf7df61ad546de888ac0000000000000000266a24aa21a9ed8e5a9d7029e17ee443dd7a5f28ea8b247c6292041d79ba606f51d86198a121d60120000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
{
  "txid": "4c82a543054837429d2fd3828c9424859235c53311f91a2131b42a3be6631960",
  "hash": "dd2ec779d592d811bdd9a285311178180d43d0301a296e659faa40ddd2382332",
  "version": 1,
  "size": 203,
  "vsize": 176,
  "locktime": 0,
  "vin": [
    {
      "coinbase": "038275120004606ed9590497971d180c869ed759397a0600000000000a636b706f6f6c",
      "sequence": 4294967295
    }
  ],
  "vout": [
    {
      "value": 1.60159701,
      "n": 0,
      "scriptPubKey": {
        "asm": "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 0dc69aebc1f6ca94c1455302faf7df61ad546de8 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
        "hex": "76a9140dc69aebc1f6ca94c1455302faf7df61ad546de888ac",
        "reqSigs": 1,
        "type": "pubkeyhash",
        "addresses": [
          "mgmnzsmwDnvA3PVsSEdc3dRa1wT2h21hPY"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "value": 0.00000000,
      "n": 1,
      "scriptPubKey": {
        "asm": "OP_RETURN aa21a9ed8e5a9d7029e17ee443dd7a5f28ea8b247c6292041d79ba606f51d86198a121d6",
        "hex": "6a24aa21a9ed8e5a9d7029e17ee443dd7a5f28ea8b247c6292041d79ba606f51d86198a121d6",
        "type": "nulldata"
      }
    }
  ]
}
  • Coinbaseフォーマット
バイト数 フィールド名 型 定義
32 hash(null) cahr[32] コインベースであるため前の出力がないので32バイトのnull値が入っている
4 index(UINT32_MAX) uint32_t コインベースには直前のアウトプットがないので0xffffffffが入っている
可変 script bytes compactSite uint coinbase script(最大100バイト)
可変 height script ブロック高
可変 coinbase script None コインベースのextraNonce用のフィールド
4 sequence unit32_t シーケンス番号
  • Coinbaseブロック高
irb(main):001:0> coinbase = "038275120004606ed9590497971d180c869ed759397a0600000000000a636b706f6f6c"
=> "038275120004606ed9590497971d180c869ed759397a0600000000000a636b706f6f6c"
irb(main):002:0> coinbase[2..7]
=> "827512"
irb(main):003:0> ["827512"].pack('h*').unpack('H*')[0].reverse.to_i(16)
=> 1209730

マイニングの難易度

  • ブロックヘッダのダブルハッシュと難易度ターゲットの比較
block_header = "00000020a6a0a7d0731c5f13edf8e3f6c918f3545c8870f5a90c379939676fcd0000000052f0b9f89d7b3d5d491670997a336182dd1cfa3b61c59305358339637a08ec8c5d6ed959ffff001dcab6a119"

# 難易度
difficulty_target = [block_header[-16..-9]].pack('H*').unpack('h*')[0].reverse
=> 1d00ffff

# 難易度のtarget=係数部*2**(8*(指数部-3))
def target(difficulty_target)
  exponent = difficulty_target[0..1].hex
  coefficient = difficulty_target[2..7].hex
  (coefficient*2**(8*(exponent-3)))
end

target(difficulty_target)
=> 26959535291011309493156476344723991336010898738574164086137773096960

require 'digest'

def dh(data)
  Digest::SHA256.digest(Digest::SHA256.digest([data].pack("H*"))).unpack("h*")[0].reverse
end

# ブロックヘッダのダブルハッシュと難易度ターゲットの比較
dh(block_header).hex < target(difficulty_target)
=> true
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