Ectoを使ってみよう

Elixir Advent Calendar 2021、昨日は一緒にpiyopiyo.exを運営する@kn339264で「Elixir/Phoenix入門者向けコミュニティpiyopiyo.exを立ち上げた話」でした

はじめに

今回はPhoenix1.6でEctoを使ってみたいと思います。
Ectoとは簡単にElixirでデータベースを使うライブラリーです。
Phoenix1.6を使う理由としてはSQLite3を簡単に使うことができるからです。
今回はPhoenixのことについては触れません。

SQLの知識があれば、[debug]出力しているSQL文を確認すれば理解できると思います。
あえて説明を書きません。
SQLが読めることを前提に記述してます。

検証環境

cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION=
VERSION="20.04.3 LTS (Focal Fossa)"

$ mix phx.new  -v
Phoenix installer v1.6.0

$ iex
Erlang/OTP 24 [erts-12.0] [source] [64-bit] [smp:8:8] [ds:8:8:10] [async-threads:1] [jit]

Interactive Elixir (1.12.2) - press Ctrl+C to exit (type h() ENTER for help)

sqlite3が使えるプロジェクトを用意する

$ mix phx.new sample --database sqlite3
* creating sample/config/config.exs
    :
* creating sample/priv/static/favicon.ico

Fetch and install dependencies? [Yn] y
* running mix deps.get
* running mix deps.compile

We are almost there! The following steps are missing:

    $ cd sample

Then configure your database in config/dev.exs and run:

    $ mix ecto.create

Start your Phoenix app with:

    $ mix phx.server

You can also run your app inside IEx (Interactive Elixir) as:

    $ iex -S mix phx.server

プロジェクトのフォルダーに移動してDBを初期化する

$ cd sample
$ mix ecto.create
Compiling 14 files (.ex)
Generated sample app
The database for Sample.Repo has been created

$ ls
README.md  assets  deps  mix.exs   priv           test
_build     config  lib   mix.lock  sample_dev.db

テーブルを作成する

$ mix phx.gen.context Users User users name:string
* creating lib/sample/users/user.ex
* creating priv/repo/migrations/20211112044236_create_users.exs
* creating lib/sample/users.ex
* injecting lib/sample/users.ex
* creating test/sample/users_test.exs
* injecting test/sample/users_test.exs
* creating test/support/fixtures/users_fixtures.ex
* injecting test/support/fixtures/users_fixtures.ex

Remember to update your repository by running migrations:

    $ mix ecto.migrate

マイグレーションを実行

$ mix ecto.migrate
Compiling 2 files (.ex)
Generated sample app

13:43:37.788 [info]  == Running 20211112044236 Sample.Repo.Migrations.CreateUsers.change/0 forward

13:43:37.794 [info]  create table users

13:43:37.795 [info]  == Migrated 20211112044236 in 0.0s

iexで起動

$ iex -S mix
Erlang/OTP 24 [erts-12.0] [source] [64-bit] [smp:8:8] [ds:8:8:10] [async-threads:1] [jit]

Interactive Elixir (1.12.2) - press Ctrl+C to exit (type h() ENTER for help)

データを追加

iex(1)> import Ecto.Query, warn: false

iex(5)> %{name: "hoge"} |>  Sample.Users.create_user()
[debug] QUERY OK db=1.5ms decode=1.1ms idle=1012.3ms
INSERT INTO "users" ("name","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["hoge", "2021-11-12T04:52:31", "2021-11-12T04:52:31"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Users.User{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
   id: 1,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
   name: "hoge",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
 }}

追加したデータを確認

iex(6)> Sample.Users.list_users()                     
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=137.4ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 []
[
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
    name: "hoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
  }
]

iex(7)> %{name: "hoge2"} |>  Sample.Users.create_user()
[debug] QUERY OK db=1.7ms queue=0.1ms idle=1278.7ms
INSERT INTO "users" ("name","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["hoge2", "2021-11-12T04:55:49", "2021-11-12T04:55:49"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Users.User{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
   id: 2,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49],
   name: "hoge2",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49]
 }}

さらにデータを追加する

iex(8)> Sample.Users.list_users()                      
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.6ms queue=0.1ms idle=1766.4ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 []
[
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
    name: "hoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
  },
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 2,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49],
    name: "hoge2",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49]
  }
]

追加したデータをIDを指定して確認

iex(10)> Sample.Users.get_user!(1)
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1622.1ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 WHERE (u0."id" = ?) [1]
%Sample.Users.User{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
  id: 1,
  inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
  name: "hoge",
  updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
}
iex(11)> Sample.Users.get_user!(2)
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.5ms queue=0.1ms idle=1281.2ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 WHERE (u0."id" = ?) [2]
%Sample.Users.User{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
  id: 2,
  inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49],
  name: "hoge2",
  updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49]
}

自動生成されたソースを見てみよう

lib/sample/users.ex

defmodule Sample.Users.User do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset

  schema "users" do
    field :name, :string

    timestamps()
  end

  @doc false
  def changeset(user, attrs) do
    user
    |> cast(attrs, [:name])
    |> validate_required([:name])
  end
end

lib/sample/users/user.ex

defmodule Sample.Users do
  import Ecto.Query, warn: false
  alias Sample.Repo

  alias Sample.Users.User

  def list_users do
    Repo.all(User)
  end


  def get_user!(id), do: Repo.get!(User, id)

  def create_user(attrs \\ %{}) do
    %User{}
    |> User.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.insert()
  end

  def update_user(%User{} = user, attrs) do
    user
    |> User.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.update()
  end

  def delete_user(%User{} = user) do
    Repo.delete(user)
  end

  def change_user(%User{} = user, attrs \\ %{}) do
    User.changeset(user, attrs)
  end
end

SQL風に使ってみる　from |> Repo.all()

iex(15)> alias Sample.Repo
Sample.Repo
iex(16)> alias Sample.Users.User
Sample.Users.User
iex(17)> from(User) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.8ms idle=1143.4ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 []
[
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
    name: "hoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
  },
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 2,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49],
    name: "hoge2",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:55:49]
  }
]

条件指定 where:

iex(18)> from(u in User, where: u.id == 1)  |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1797.3ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 WHERE (u0."id" = 1) []
[
  %Sample.Users.User{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31],
    name: "hoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 04:52:31]
  }
]

データを追加　Repo.insert()

iex(21)> attrs = %{name: "hoge3"}

iex(25)> %User{} |> User.changeset(attrs) |> Repo.insert()
[debug] QUERY OK db=0.3ms idle=1352.6ms
INSERT INTO "users" ("name","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["hoge3", "2021-11-12T05:37:24", "2021-11-12T05:37:24"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Users.User{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
   id: 3,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24],
   name: "hoge3",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24]
 }}

Elixir上で表現するテーブルの形式を確認

iex(26)>%User{}
%Sample.Users.User{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:built, "users">,
  id: nil,
  inserted_at: nil,
  name: nil,
  updated_at: nil
}

出力項目を指定　select:

iex(34)> from(u in User, select: %{id: u.id, name: u.name}) |> Repo.all() 
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms idle=553.7ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name" FROM "users" AS u0 []
[%{id: 1, name: "hoge"}, %{id: 2, name: "hoge2"}, %{id: 3, name: "hoge3"}]

並び替え　order_by:

iex(35)> from(u in User, order_by: [desc: u.id], select: %{id: u.id, name: u.name}) |> Repo.all() 
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1543.0ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name" FROM "users" AS u0 ORDER BY u0."id" DESC []
[%{id: 3, name: "hoge3"}, %{id: 2, name: "hoge2"}, %{id: 1, name: "hoge"}]

iex(46)> from(u in User, order_by: [desc: u.name, asc: u.id ], select: %{id: u.id, name: u.name}) |> Repo.all() 
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.2ms idle=1714.7ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name" FROM "users" AS u0 ORDER BY u0."name" DESC, u0."id" []
[%{id: 3, name: "hoge3"}, %{id: 2, name: "hoge2"}, %{id: 1, name: "hoge"}]

更新　Repo.update()

iex(54)> user = from(u in User, where: u.id == 3) |> Repo.one
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.6ms queue=0.2ms idle=1336.1ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 WHERE (u0."id" = 3) []
%Sample.Users.User{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
  id: 3,
  inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24],
  name: "hoge3",
  updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24]
}
iex(55)> attrs =  %{name: "hoge"}                            
%{name: "hoge"}
iex(56)> user |> User.changeset(attrs) |> Repo.update()      
[debug] QUERY OK db=1.6ms idle=1910.5ms
UPDATE "users" SET "name" = ?, "updated_at" = ? WHERE "id" = ? ["hoge", "2021-11-12T06:53:58", 3]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Users.User{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
   id: 3,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24],
   name: "hoge",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 06:53:58]
 }}
iex(57)> user = from(u in User, where: u.id == 3) |> Repo.one
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.2ms idle=1763.3ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", u0."inserted_at", u0."updated_at" FROM "users" AS u0 WHERE (u0."id" = 3) []
%Sample.Users.User{
  __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "users">,
  id: 3,
  inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 05:37:24],
  name: "hoge",
  updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 06:53:58]
}

グループ化　group_by:

iex(61)> user = from(u in User, select: u.name) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1286.9ms
SELECT u0."name" FROM "users" AS u0 []
["hoge", "hoge2", "hoge"]
iex(62)> user = from(u in User, select: u.name, group_by: [u.name] ) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1795.9ms
SELECT u0."name" FROM "users" AS u0 GROUP BY u0."name" []
["hoge", "hoge2"]
iex(63)> 

user = from(u in User, select: [u.name, count(u.name)] , group_by: [u.name] ) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1589.5ms
SELECT u0."name", count(u0."name") FROM "users" AS u0 GROUP BY u0."name" []
[["hoge", 2], ["hoge2", 1]]

テーブル連結

テーブル連結の為に新しいテーブルを準備

$ mix phx.gen.context Memos Memo memos text:string user_id:integer
* creating lib/sample/memos/memo.ex
* creating priv/repo/migrations/20211112080730_create_memos.exs
* creating lib/sample/memos.ex
* injecting lib/sample/memos.ex
* creating test/sample/memos_test.exs
* injecting test/sample/memos_test.exs
* creating test/support/fixtures/memos_fixtures.ex
* injecting test/support/fixtures/memos_fixtures.ex

Remember to update your repository by running migrations:

    $ mix ecto.migrate

$ mix ecto.migrate

17:09:02.360 [info]  == Running 20211112080730 Sample.Repo.Migrations.CreateMemos.change/0 forward

17:09:02.369 [info]  create table memos

17:09:02.371 [info]  == Migrated 20211112080730 in 0.0s

自動生成されたソースを見てみよう

lib/sample/memos.ex

defmodule Sample.Memos do
  @moduledoc """
  The Memos context.
  """

  import Ecto.Query, warn: false
  alias Sample.Repo

  alias Sample.Memos.Memo

  @doc """
  Returns the list of memos.

  ## Examples

      iex> list_memos()
      [%Memo{}, ...]

  """
  def list_memos do
    Repo.all(Memo)
  end

  @doc """
  Gets a single memo.

  Raises `Ecto.NoResultsError` if the Memo does not exist.

  ## Examples

      iex> get_memo!(123)
      %Memo{}

      iex> get_memo!(456)
      ** (Ecto.NoResultsError)

  """
  def get_memo!(id), do: Repo.get!(Memo, id)

  @doc """
  Creates a memo.

  ## Examples

      iex> create_memo(%{field: value})
      {:ok, %Memo{}}

      iex> create_memo(%{field: bad_value})
      {:error, %Ecto.Changeset{}}

  """
  def create_memo(attrs \\ %{}) do
    %Memo{}
    |> Memo.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.insert()
  end

  @doc """
  Updates a memo.

  ## Examples

      iex> update_memo(memo, %{field: new_value})
      {:ok, %Memo{}}

      iex> update_memo(memo, %{field: bad_value})
      {:error, %Ecto.Changeset{}}

  """
  def update_memo(%Memo{} = memo, attrs) do
    memo
    |> Memo.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.update()
  end

  @doc """
  Deletes a memo.

  ## Examples

      iex> delete_memo(memo)
      {:ok, %Memo{}}

      iex> delete_memo(memo)
      {:error, %Ecto.Changeset{}}

  """
  def delete_memo(%Memo{} = memo) do
    Repo.delete(memo)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns an `%Ecto.Changeset{}` for tracking memo changes.

  ## Examples

      iex> change_memo(memo)
      %Ecto.Changeset{data: %Memo{}}

  """
  def change_memo(%Memo{} = memo, attrs \\ %{}) do
    Memo.changeset(memo, attrs)
  end
end

lib/samole/memos/memo.ex

defmodule Sample.Memos.Memo do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset

  schema "memos" do
    field :text, :string
    field :user_id, :integer

    timestamps()
  end

  @doc false
  def changeset(memo, attrs) do
    memo
    |> cast(attrs, [:text, :user_id])
    |> validate_required([:text, :user_id])
  end
end

iexで起動し新しく作ったテーブルの準備

iex -S mix

iex(1)> import Ecto.Query, warn: false
Ecto.Query
iex(2)> alias Sample.Repo
Sample.Repo
iex(3)> alias Sample.Memos.Memo
Sample.Memos.Memo
iex(4)> alias Sample.Memos
Sample.Memos

iex(5)> %{text: "Test memo", user_id: 1} |> Memos.create_memo()
[debug] QUERY OK db=6.9ms decode=2.0ms idle=1719.5ms
INSERT INTO "memos" ("text","user_id","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["Test memo", 1, "2021-11-12T08:14:12", "2021-11-12T08:14:12"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Memos.Memo{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
   id: 1,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
   text: "Test memo",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
   user_id: 1
 }}
iex(6)> %{text: "Test memo hogehoge", user_id: 2} |> Memos.create_memo()
[debug] QUERY OK db=0.2ms idle=1980.7ms
INSERT INTO "memos" ("text","user_id","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["Test memo hogehoge", 2, "2021-11-12T08:14:41", "2021-11-12T08:14:41"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Memos.Memo{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
   id: 2,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
   text: "Test memo hogehoge",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
   user_id: 2
 }}
iex(7)> %{text: "Test memo 2", user_id: 1} |> Memos.create_memo()       
[debug] QUERY OK db=0.2ms idle=1683.2ms
INSERT INTO "memos" ("text","user_id","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES (?,?,?,?) RETURNING "id" ["Test memo 2", 1, "2021-11-12T08:15:06", "2021-11-12T08:15:06"]
{:ok,
 %Sample.Memos.Memo{
   __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
   id: 3,
   inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
   text: "Test memo 2",
   updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
   user_id: 1
 }}

データの確認

iex(8)> Memos.list_memos()
[debug] QUERY OK source="memos" db=0.1ms queue=0.1ms idle=1898.2ms
SELECT m0."id", m0."text", m0."user_id", m0."inserted_at", m0."updated_at" FROM "memos" AS m0 []
[
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
    text: "Test memo",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
    user_id: 1
  },
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 2,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
    text: "Test memo hogehoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
    user_id: 2
  },
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 3,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
    text: "Test memo 2",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
    user_id: 1
  }
]

内部結合　join:

iex(10)> alias Sample.Users.User
Sample.Users.User

iex(12)> from(m in Memo, join: u in User, on: m.user_id == u.id) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="memos" db=0.3ms queue=0.4ms idle=1328.8ms
SELECT m0."id", m0."text", m0."user_id", m0."inserted_at", m0."updated_at" FROM "memos" AS m0 INNER JOIN "users" AS u1 ON m0."user_id" = u1."id" []
[
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 1,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
    text: "Test memo",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:12],
    user_id: 1
  },
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 2,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
    text: "Test memo hogehoge",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:14:41],
    user_id: 2
  },
  %Sample.Memos.Memo{
    __meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "memos">,
    id: 3,
    inserted_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
    text: "Test memo 2",
    updated_at: ~N[2021-11-12 08:15:06],
    user_id: 1
  }
]

内部結合　フィールド指定

iex(14)> from(m in Memo, join: u in User, on: m.user_id == u.id, select: [u.id, u.name, m.text] ) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="memos" db=0.4ms queue=0.4ms idle=1722.6ms
SELECT u1."id", u1."name", m0."text" FROM "memos" AS m0 INNER JOIN "users" AS u1 ON m0."user_id" = u1."id" []
[
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo"],
  [2, "hoge2", "Test memo hogehoge"],
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo 2"]
]

内部結合　フィールド指定と駆動テーブルを反転

iex(16)> from(u in User, join: m in Memo, on: m.user_id == u.id, select: [u.id, u.name, m.text] ) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.2ms queue=0.3ms idle=1429.9ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", m1."text" FROM "users" AS u0 INNER JOIN "memos" AS m1 ON m1."user_id" = u0."id" []
[
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo"],
  [2, "hoge2", "Test memo hogehoge"],
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo 2"]
]

外部結合　left_join:

from(u in User, left_join: m in Memo, on: m.user_id == u.id, select: [u.id, u.name, m.text] ) |> Repo.all()
[debug] QUERY OK source="users" db=0.3ms queue=0.3ms idle=1095.7ms
SELECT u0."id", u0."name", m1."text" FROM "users" AS u0 LEFT OUTER JOIN "memos" AS m1 ON m1."user_id" = u0."id" []
[
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo"],
  [1, "hoge", "Test memo 2"],
  [2, "hoge2", "Test memo hogehoge"],
  [3, "hoge", nil]
]

明日は、オカザキリンビームのオーガナイザ@pojiroさんで「苦節二年の時を経て職業錬金術師になれた話」です