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競技プログラミングで使う有名グラフアルゴリズムまとめ

Last updated at Posted at 2019-05-05

#0. はじめに
AtCoderなどでは、グラフを扱った問題が多く出るが、その度に一から実装していると時間が掛かりすぎてしまうため、有名なものをあらかじめ持っておく必要がありそう。そこで、Pythonを用いて、ダイクストラ法、ベルマンフォード法、プリム法、クラスカル法、ワーシャルフロイド法を実装した。
コメント、意見等ある方は是非! お待ちしてます!

1. ダイクストラ法

1.1. ダイクストラ法(defaultdictで実装)

defaultdictで実装すると、リストで実装するよりも、ノード数$N$が大きい際には高速に動作する。ただし、経路復元の関数は、うまく書けなかった......。
(2019/7/6 追記)結局できました。1.1.1. を参照してください。

import collections
import heapq


class Dijkstra:
    def __init__(self):
        self.e = collections.defaultdict(list)

    def add(self, u, v, d):
        self.e[u].append([v, d])
        self.e[v].append([u, d])

    def delete(self, u, v):
        self.e[u] = [_ for _ in self.e[u] if _[0] != v]
        self.e[v] = [_ for _ in self.e[v] if _[0] != u]

    def search(self, s):
        """
        :param s: 始点
        :return: 始点から各点までの最短経路
        """
        d = collections.defaultdict(lambda: float('inf'))
        d[s] = 0
        q = []
        heapq.heappush(q, (0, s))
        v = collections.defaultdict(bool)
        while len(q):
            k, u = heapq.heappop(q)
            if v[u]:
                continue
            v[u] = True

            for uv, ud in self.e[u]:
                if v[uv]:
                    continue
                vd = k + ud
                if d[uv] > vd:
                    d[uv] = vd
                    heapq.heappush(q, (vd, uv))

        return d

1.1.1. ダイクストラ法(defaultdictで実装) 経路復元も

defaultdictを用いても、経路復元が実装できました。ABC051 D Candidates of No Shotest Pathでテスト済みです。


import collections
import heapq


class Dijkstra():
    def __init__(self):
        self.e = collections.defaultdict(list)

    def add(self, u, v, d, directed=False):
        """
        #0-indexedでなくてもよいことに注意
        #u = from, v = to, d = cost
        #directed = Trueなら、有向グラフである
        """
        if directed is False:
            self.e[u].append([v, d])
            self.e[v].append([u, d])
        else:
            self.e[u].append([v, d])

    def delete(self, u, v):
        self.e[u] = [_ for _ in self.e[u] if _[0] != v]
        self.e[v] = [_ for _ in self.e[v] if _[0] != u]

    def Dijkstra_search(self, s):
        """
        #0-indexedでなくてもよいことに注意
        #:param s: 始点
        #:return: 始点から各点までの最短経路と最短経路を求めるのに必要なprev
        """
        d = collections.defaultdict(lambda: float('inf'))
        prev = collections.defaultdict(lambda: None)
        d[s] = 0
        q = []
        heapq.heappush(q, (0, s))
        v = collections.defaultdict(bool)
        while len(q):
            k, u = heapq.heappop(q)
            if v[u]:
                continue
            v[u] = True

            for uv, ud in self.e[u]:
                if v[uv]:
                    continue
                vd = k + ud
                if d[uv] > vd:
                    d[uv] = vd
                    prev[uv] = u
                    heapq.heappush(q, (vd, uv))

        return d, prev

    def getDijkstraShortestPath(self, start, goal):
        _, prev = self.Dijkstra_search(start)
        shortestPath = []
        node = goal
        while node is not None:
            shortestPath.append(node)
            node = prev[node]
        return shortestPath[::-1]

ダイクストラ法(defaultdictで実装)の使用例

SoundHound2018 D - Saving Snuukに対する自分の解答

# クラス部分は上と全く一緒
N, M, S, T = map(int, input().split())
UVAB = [list(map(int, input().split())) for i in range(M)]
graph1 = Dijkstra()
graph2 = Dijkstra()
 
for u, v, a, b in UVAB:
    graph1.add(u, v, a)
    graph2.add(u, v, b)
 
result_a = graph1.search(S)
result_b = graph2.search(T)
ans_list = [float('inf')]
for i in range(N, 0, -1):
    cur = result_a[i] + result_b[i]
    if cur > ans_list[-1]:
        cur = ans_list[-1]
    ans_list.append(cur)
 
for i in range(len(ans_list[1:])):
    print(10**15-ans_list[-(i+1)])

1.2. ダイクストラ法(リストで実装)

上にも書いた通り、動作が遅く、TLEすることも十分考えられる。しかし、経路復元が必要なときはこっちを使わざるを得ない。

import collections
import heapq


class Dijkstra():
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.e = [[float('inf') for i in range(self.N)] for i in range(N)]

    def add(self, u, v, d, directed=False):
        """
        0-indexedでなくてもよいことに注意
        u = from, v = to, d = cost
        directed = Trueなら、有向グラフである
        """
        if directed is False:
            self.e[u][v] = d
            self.e[v][u] = d
        else:
            self.e[u][v] = d

    def delete(self, u, v):
        self.e[u] = [_ for _ in self.e[u] if _[0] != v]
        self.e[v] = [_ for _ in self.e[v] if _[0] != u]

    def Dijkstra_search(self, s):
        """
        0-indexedであることに注意
        s =  始点
        return: 始点から各点までの最短経路
        """
        d = [float('inf') for i in range(self.N)]
        d[s] = 0
        q = []
        heapq.heappush(q, (0, s))
        v = collections.defaultdict(bool)
        while len(q):
            k, u = heapq.heappop(q)
            if v[u]:
                continue
            
            for uv, ud in enumerate(self.e[u]):
                if v[uv]:
                    continue
                vd = k + ud
                if d[uv] > vd:
                    d[uv] = vd
                    heapq.heappush(q, (vd, uv))

        return d

    def getDijkstraPath(self, s, t):
        # sからtへの最短経路の経路復元
        prev = [s] * self.N  # 最短経路の直前の頂点
        d = [float("inf")] * self.N
        used = [False] * self.N
        d[s] = 0

        while True:
            v = -1
            for i in range(self.N):
                if (not used[i]) and (v == -1):
                    v = i
                elif (not used[i]) and d[i] < d[v]:
                    v = i
            if v == -1:
                break
            used[v] = True

            for i in range(self.N):
                if d[i] > d[v] + self.e[v][i]:
                    d[i] = d[v] + self.e[v][i]
                    prev[i] = v

        path = [t]
        while prev[t] != s:
            path.append(prev[t])
            prev[t] = prev[prev[t]]
        path.append(s)
        path = path[::-1]
        return path

1.3. ダイクストラ法(隣接行列をリストで表現した、密なグラフ用のダイクストラ)

[上](# ダイクストラ法(defaultdictで実装)の使用例)のSoundHound2018 D - Saving Snuukは余裕でTLEした。

class Dijkstra():
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.e = [[float('inf') for i in range(self.N)] for i in range(N)]

    def add(self, u, v, d, directed=False):
        if directed is False:
            self.e[u][v] = d
            self.e[v][u] = d
        else:
            self.e[u][v] = d

    def delete(self, u, v):
        self.e[u] = [_ for _ in self.e[u] if _[0] != v]
        self.e[v] = [_ for _ in self.e[v] if _[0] != u]

    def DijkstraSearch(self, s):
        d = [float('inf') for i in range(self.N)]
        d[s] = 0
        pred = [-1 for i in range(self.N)]
        visited = [False for i in range(self.N)]

        while True:
            u = -1
            sd = float('inf')
            for i in range(0, self.N):
                if not visited[i] and d[i] < sd:
                    sd = d[s]
                    u = i

            if u == -1:
                break

            visited[u] = True
            for v in range(0, self.N):
                w = self.e[u][v]
                if v == u:
                    continue
                newLen = d[u] + w
                if newLen < d[v]:
                    d[v] = newLen
                    pred[v] = u
        return d

2. ベルマンフォード法

リストでdefaultdictで実装する。defaultdictでの実装ももちろん可能。

class BellmanFord():
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.edges = []
 
    def add(self, u, v, d, directed=False):
        """
        u = from, v = to, d = cost
        directed = Trueのとき、有向グラフである。
        """
        if directed is False:
            self.edges.append([u, v, d])
            self.edges.append([v, u, d])
        else:
            self.edges.append([u, v, d])
 
    def BellmanFord_search(self, s):
        """
        :param s: 始点
        :return: d[i] 始点sから各点iまでの最短経路
        """
        d = [float('inf') for i in range(self.N)]
        d[s] = 0
        numEdges = len(self.edges)
        while True:
            update = False
            for i in range(numEdges):
                e = self.edges[i]
                # e: 辺iについて [from,to,cost]
                if d[e[0]] != float("inf") and d[e[1]] > d[e[0]] + e[2]:
                    d[e[1]] = d[e[0]] + e[2]
                    update = True
            if not update:
                break
        return d
 
    def BellmanFord_negative_bool(self, start, numNodes):
        # 負の閉路の検出, Trueなら負の閉路が存在する
        d = [float('inf') for i in range(self.N)]
        d[start] = 0
        numEdges = len(self.edges)
        for i in range(numNodes):
            for j in range(numEdges):
                e = self.edges[j]
                if d[e[1]] > d[e[0]] + e[2]:
                    d[e[1]] = d[e[0]] + e[2]
                    if i == numNodes-1:
                        return True, d
        return False, d

3. プリム法

import heapq


class Prim():
    # 無向グラフであるという前提に注意
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.edge = [[] for i in range(N)]
        self.N = N

    def add(self, u, v, d):
        """
        u = from, v = to, d = cost
        0-indexedであることに注意、graph.add(u-1, v-1)とする必要がある
        """
        self.edge[u].append([d, v])  # コスト、e_toとなっていることに注意
        self.edge[v].append([d, u])

    def delete(self, u, v):
        self.edge[u] = [_ for _ in self.edge[u] if _[0] != v]
        self.edge[v] = [_ for _ in self.edge[v] if _[0] != u]

    def Prim(self):
        """
        return: 最小全域木のコストの和
        """
        used = [True] * self.N  # True:不使用
        edgelist = []
        for e in self.edge[0]:
            heapq.heappush(edgelist, e)
        used[0] = False
        res = 0
        while len(edgelist) != 0:
            minedge = heapq.heappop(edgelist)
            if not used[minedge[1]]:
                continue
            v = minedge[1]
            used[v] = False
            for e in self.edge[v]:
                if used[e[1]]:
                    heapq.heappush(edgelist, e)
            res += minedge[0]
        return res

4. クラスカル法

class Kruskal_UnionFind():
    # 無向グラフであるという前提に注意
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.edges = []
        self.rank = [0] * N
        self.par = [i for i in range(N)]
        self.counter = [1] * N

    def add(self, u, v, d):
        """
        u = from, v = to, d = cost
        """
        self.edges.append([u, v, d])

    def find(self, x):
        if self.par[x] == x:
            return x
        else:
            self.par[x] = self.find(self.par[x])
            return self.par[x]

    def unite(self, x, y):
        x = self.find(x)
        y = self.find(y)
        if x != y:
            z = self.counter[x] + self.counter[y]
            self.counter[x], self.counter[y] = z, z
        if self.rank[x] < self.rank[y]:
            self.par[x] = y
        else:
            self.par[y] = x
            if self.rank[x] == self.rank[y]:
                self.rank[x] += 1

    def size(self, x):
        x = self.find(x)
        return self.counter[x]

    def same(self, x, y):
        return self.find(x) == self.find(y)

    def Kruskal(self):
        """
        return: 最小全域木のコストの和
        """
        edges = sorted(self.edges, key=lambda x: x[2])  # costでself.edgesをソートする
        res = 0
        for e in edges:
            if not self.same(e[0], e[1]):
                self.unite(e[0], e[1])
                res += e[2]
        return res

クラスカル法の使用例

AtCoder Beginner Contest 065 D - Built?に対する自分の解答

# クラス部分は上と一緒
N = int(input())
XY = [[i] + list(map(int, input().split())) for i in range(N)]
 
graph = Kruskal_UnionFind(N)
XY = sorted(XY, key=lambda x: x[1])
X_costs = [[XY[i-1][0], XY[i][0], abs(XY[i-1][1] - XY[i][1])] for i in range(1, N)]
XY = sorted(XY, key=lambda x: x[2])
Y_costs = [[XY[i-1][0], XY[i][0], abs(XY[i-1][2] - XY[i][2])] for i in range(1, N)]
 
for i in range(N-1):
    x0, x1, d = X_costs[i]
    graph.add(x0, x1, d)
    y0, y1, d = Y_costs[i]
    graph.add(y0, y1, d)
 
print(graph.Kruskal())

5. ワーシャルフロイド法

(2019/7/8 追記) グラフが負の閉路を持つかを判定するように変更しました。これに合わせて、下のコードも少し変わっています。

class WarshallFloyd():
    def __init__(self, N):
        self.N = N
        self.d = [[float("inf") for i in range(N)]
                  for i in range(N)]  # d[u][v] : 辺uvのコスト(存在しないときはinf)

    def add(self, u, v, c, directed=False):
        """
        0-indexedであることに注意
        u = from, v = to, c = cost
        directed = Trueなら、有向グラフである
        """
        if directed is False:
            self.d[u][v] = c
            self.d[v][u] = c
        else:
            self.d[u][v] = c

    def WarshallFloyd_search(self):
        # これを d[i][j]: iからjへの最短距離 にする
        # 本来無向グラフでのみ全域木を考えるが、二重辺なら有向でも行けそう
        # d[i][i] < 0 なら、グラフは負のサイクルを持つ
        for k in range(self.N):
            for i in range(self.N):
                for j in range(self.N):
                    self.d[i][j] = min(
                        self.d[i][j], self.d[i][k] + self.d[k][j])
        hasNegativeCycle = False
        for i in range(self.N):
            if self.d[i][i] < 0:
                hasNegativeCycle = True
                break
        for i in range(self.N):
            self.d[i][i] = 0
        return hasNegativeCycle, self.d

ワーシャルフロイド法の使用例

AtCoder Beginner Contest 012 D - バスと避けられない運命に対する自分の解答

# クラス部分は上と一緒
N, M = map(int, input().split())
ABT = [list(map(int, input().split())) for i in range(M)]
graph = WarshallFloyd(N)
for a, b, t in ABT:
    graph.add(a-1, b-1, t)
 
hasNegativeCycle, d = graph.WarshallFloyd_search()
ans = sorted([[i, max(d[i])] for i in range(N)], key=lambda x: x[1])
print(ans[0][1])
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