FlutterでFirebaseの初期化を行う際に以下のエラーが発生

Launching lib/main.dart on iPhone 16 Pro in debug mode...
Running pod install...                                           1,708ms
CocoaPods' output:
↳
      Preparing

    Analyzing dependencies

    Inspecting targets to integrate
      Using `ARCHS` setting to build architectures of target `Pods-Runner`: (``)
      Using `ARCHS` setting to build architectures of target `Pods-RunnerTests`: (``)

    Fetching external sources
    -> Fetching podspec for `Flutter` from `Flutter`
    -> Fetching podspec for `firebase_core` from `.symlinks/plugins/firebase_core/ios`
    firebase_core: Using Firebase SDK version '11.2.0' defined in 'firebase_core'

    Resolving dependencies of `Podfile`

    Adding spec repo `trunk` with CDN `https://cdn.cocoapods.org/`
      CDN: trunk Relative path downloaded: CocoaPods-version.yml, save ETag: "6709d94a-38"
      CDN: trunk Relative path: CocoaPods-version.yml exists! Returning local because checking is only performed in repo update
    [!] CocoaPods could not find compatible versions for pod "firebase_core":
      In Podfile:
        firebase_core (from `.symlinks/plugins/firebase_core/ios`)

    Specs satisfying the `firebase_core (from `.symlinks/plugins/firebase_core/ios`)` dependency were found, but they required a higher minimum deployment target.

    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:317:in `raise_error_unless_state'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:299:in `block in unwind_for_conflict'
    <internal:kernel>:90:in `tap'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:297:in `unwind_for_conflict'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:682:in `attempt_to_activate'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:254:in `process_topmost_state'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolution.rb:182:in `resolve'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/molinillo-0.8.0/lib/molinillo/resolver.rb:43:in `resolve'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/resolver.rb:94:in `resolve'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:1082:in `block in resolve_dependencies'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/user_interface.rb:64:in `section'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:1080:in `resolve_dependencies'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer/analyzer.rb:125:in `analyze'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:422:in `analyze'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:244:in `block in resolve_dependencies'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/user_interface.rb:64:in `section'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:243:in `resolve_dependencies'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/installer.rb:162:in `install!'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/command/install.rb:52:in `run'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/claide-1.1.0/lib/claide/command.rb:334:in `run'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/lib/cocoapods/command.rb:52:in `run'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/gems/cocoapods-1.15.2/bin/pod:55:in `<top (required)>'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/bin/pod:25:in `load'
    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/cocoapods/1.15.2_1/libexec/bin/pod:25:in `<main>'

Error output from CocoaPods:
↳

    [!] Automatically assigning platform `iOS` with version `12.0` on target `Runner` because no platform was specified. Please specify a platform for this target in your Podfile. See `https://guides.cocoapods.org/syntax/podfile.html#platform`.

Error: The plugin "firebase_core" requires a higher minimum iOS deployment version than your application is targeting.
To build, increase your application's deployment target to at least 13.0 as described at https://flutter.dev/to/ios-deploy
Error running pod install
Error launching application on iPhone 16 Pro.

具体的なエラーメッセージが出力されています

[!] CocoaPods could not find compatible versions for pod "firebase_core":
  In Podfile:
    firebase_core (from `.symlinks/plugins/firebase_core/ios`)

Error: The plugin "firebase_core" requires a higher minimum iOS deployment version than your application is targeting.
To build, increase your application's deployment target to at least 13.0 as described at https://flutter.dev/to/ios-deploy

firebase_core ではiOSのバージョン 13.0 以上が必要なのに対して、iOSのビルドに 12.0 が指定されていることが原因のようです

ios/Podfile を確認したところ、以下のような行がありました

# platform :ios, '12.0'

ここのコメントアウトを外しつつ、エラーメッセージにある通り 13.0 に変更します

- # platform :ios, '12.0'
+ platform :ios, '13.0'

私の環境ではこの修正でエラー解消しました