背景
Bash,ShellScript,ansible-playbookで日時をこねくり回したい時に、色々な方法があると思います。今回、date
コマンドのオプションで事足りることが多かったので、用途ごとにここに記しておきます。
利用したVersion
$ date --version
date (GNU coreutils) 8.30
1. フォーマット指定(+format
)
+format
でフォーマットを指定できます。
date
単体だと扱いにくいですが、フォーマット指定することで用途が広がります。
以下例にあるように、バックアップでよく使います。
$ date
Fri Dec 22 12:18:11 JST 2023
$ date +%Y%m%d
20231222
$ cp test.txt test.txt_`date +%Y%m%d` -v
'test.txt' -> 'test.txt_20231222'
その他フォーマットオプション
man date
から取得できるので。好みに合わせて選びます!
(man dateの結果を | 標準出力して | 空行削除して | Formatの箇所だけgrepしています)
$ man date|col -b|grep -v '^$'|grep -A 54 " FORMAT controls the output"
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g., 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%q quarter of year (1..4)
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following optional flags may follow '%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use
the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
2. 日付計算する(--date
オプション)
--date
オプションを利用することで、〇時間後、〇日前、差分計算ができる!
分かりやすいように20231222
を起点にしていますが、省力可能です。(省略した場合は、dateコマンドの結果から計算される)
過去(〇〇前)
$ date --date "20231222 5 hours ago"
Thu Dec 21 19:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 hours ago"
Thu Dec 21 19:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 days ago"
Sun Dec 17 00:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 week ago"
Fri Nov 17 00:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 month ago"
Sat Jul 22 00:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 year ago"
Sat Dec 22 00:00:00 JST 2018
未来(〇〇後)
$ date --date "20231222 5 hours"
Fri Dec 22 05:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 days"
Wed Dec 27 00:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 5 week"
Fri Jan 26 00:00:00 JST 2024
$ date --date "20231222 5 month"
Wed May 22 00:00:00 JST 2024
$ date --date "20231222 5 year"
Fri Dec 22 00:00:00 JST 2028
混合(〇日前の〇時間後)
$ date --date "20231222 last day"
Thu Dec 21 00:00:00 JST 2023
$ date --date "20231222 last day 12 hours"
Thu Dec 21 12:00:00 JST 2023
(番外編)Ansibleで使う時
lookupプラグインを使って計算可能
date_calc: "{{ lookup('pipe', 'date -d \"20231222 last day 6 hours\" +\"%Y/%m/%d\"') }}"