TL;DR

brew upgrade ruby-build
brew install openssl@3 readline libyaml gmp
RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--disable-install-doc --disable-shared --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@3)" rbenv install 3.1.2

環境

M1 MacBook Air
macOS Ventura 13.3.1
Xcode Version 14.3 (14E222b)
Homebrew 4.0.16
rbenv 1.2.0

現象

rbenv install 3.1.2を実行すると下記のようにBUILD FAILEDとなりインストールに失敗する

$ rbenv install 3.1.2
To follow progress, use 'tail -f /var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502191006.36912.log' or pass --verbose
Downloading openssl-3.0.8.tar.gz...
-> https://dqw8nmjcqpjn7.cloudfront.net/6c13d2bf38fdf31eac3ce2a347073673f5d63263398f1f69d0df4a41253e4b3e
Installing openssl-3.0.8...
Installed openssl-3.0.8 to /Users/xxx/.rbenv/versions/3.1.2

Downloading ruby-3.1.2.tar.gz...
-> https://cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby/3.1/ruby-3.1.2.tar.gz
Installing ruby-3.1.2...
ruby-build: using readline from homebrew
ruby-build: using gmp from homebrew

BUILD FAILED (macOS 13.3.1 using ruby-build 20230428)

Inspect or clean up the working tree at /var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502191006.36912.BlRzeE
Results logged to /var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502191006.36912.log

Last 10 log lines:
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:899:in `block in install'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:713:in `no_write'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:899:in `install'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1068:in `block (2 levels) in <main>'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1043:in `foreach'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1043:in `block in <main>'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1127:in `block in <main>'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1124:in `each'
	from ./tool/rbinstall.rb:1124:in `<main>'
make: *** [do-install-all] Error 1

ログファイルの内容を参照すると下記のようなエラーログが出力されている

...
dyld[36317]: tried: '/private/var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502210049.17269.vAsgpq/ruby-3.1.2/libruby.3.1.dylib' (mach-o file, but is an incompatible architecture (have
 'arm64', need 'arm64e')), '/System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/private/var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502210049.17269.vAsgpq/ruby-3.1.2/libruby.3.1.dylib' (no such fil
e), '/private/var/folders/8y/_tfhyy5x72l7sjd889snr6j80000gn/T/ruby-build.20230502210049.17269.vAsgpq/ruby-3.1.2/libruby.3.1.dylib' (mach-o file, but is an incompatible architecture (have 'arm64', need '
arm64e'))
...

調査結果

本現象（incompatible architecture (have 'arm64', need ' arm64e')）はM1かつXcode 14の環境下でrbenv install 3.1.xを実行した際に発生する
- Ruby 3.1.2と3.1.3は本稿のワークアラウンドで回避できた（その他の3.1.0/3.1.1などは未確認）
macOS 13(Ventura)にアップデートしていない場合はXcodeを13にダウングレードすることで回避できる模様（2023/5/3現在、参考リンク先ではMontereyの場合はXcode 14にアップデートしないことが推奨されている）
Venturaの場合はXcode 13にダウングレードできないため本稿のワークアラウンドで回避する必要がある

対策

ruby-buildのWikiと、Wikiから参考としてリンクされているワークアラウンドのスレッドに記載されている内容に倣う。

ruby-buildを更新する
- brew upgrade ruby-build
  If you have trouble installing a Ruby version, first try to update ruby-build to get the latest bug fixes and Ruby definitions.
  
  First locate it on your system:
  which ruby-build ls "$(rbenv root)"/plugins
  If it's in /opt/homebrew/bin or /usr/local/bin on a Mac, you've probably installed it via Homebrew:
  brew upgrade ruby-build
  https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build/wiki#updating-ruby-build
Ruby 3.1以上はOpenSSL 3を必要とするためHomebrewでインストールする
- brew install openssl@3 readline libyaml gmp
  Ruby 3.1 and above requires OpenSSL 3:
  brew install openssl@3 readline libyaml gmp export RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@3)"
  https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build/wiki#macos
M1のエラーを回避するためにオプションを付けてrbenv installを実行する
- RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--disable-install-doc --disable-shared --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@3)" rbenv install 3.1.2
  Disable building the shared library with RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS=--disable-shared
  
  For example, the full invocation you can try to link to Homebrew OpenSSL:
  RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--disable-install-doc --disable-shared --with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@3)" rbenv install 3.1.2
  https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build/discussions/1961#discussioncomment-4031745

参考