やりたいこと

主題。
ただし。.git/.cache といった . から始まるディレクトリ以下のファイルは除外する。

環境

Linux (Ubuntu 16.04)
Bash

Command

$ find /var/log -type d -name '.*' -prune -o -type f -printf '%T+ %p\n' | sort | tail -n 3
2018-03-17+11:53:37.7748230000 /var/log/dpkg.log
2018-03-17+11:53:37.8845731000 /var/log/apt/term.log
2018-03-17+11:53:37.8965736000 /var/log/apt/history.log

-type d -name '.*' -prune で . から始まるディレクトリを除外する。
-type f -printf "%T+ %p\n" でファイルのmodification time付きでファイル一覧を出す。

       -printf format
              True; print format on the standard output, interpreting `\' escapes and `%' directives.  Field widths and precisions can be specified as  with
              the `printf' C function.  Please note that many of the fields are printed as %s rather than %d, and this may mean that flags don't work as you
              might expect.  This also means that the `-' flag does work (it forces fields to be left-aligned).  Unlike -print, -printf does not add a  new‐
              line at the end of the string.  The escapes and directives are:

              %Tk    File's last modification time in the format specified by k, which is the same as for %A.

                     +      Date and time, separated by `+', for example `2004-04-28+22:22:05.0'.  This is a GNU extension.  The time is given in  the  cur‐
                            rent timezone (which may be affected by setting the TZ environment variable).  The seconds field includes a fractional part.

              %p     File's name.

対象ディレクトリを引数に指定できるよう関数化したもの:

function lastmodified() {
    local dir_path=$(readlink -f "$1")

    if [ "${dir_path}" = "" ]; then
        echo "Usage: ${FUNCNAME[0]} DIR_PATH" 1>&2
        return 22
    fi

    \find "$dir_path" -type d -name '.*' -prune -o -type f -printf '%T+ %p\n' | sort
}