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2.17(難) 期待値の演算

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1.方針

「連続関数が増加関数」とは,「微分して0以上」である.また指数が連なっていて嫌なので対数を取る.式変形が難しい.

1.答案

A(t)の対数を取って

h(t)=\log A(t)=\frac{1}{t}\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]

と置く.h(t)がtの増加関数であるためには,h'(t)=>0であれば良い.

h'(t)=-\frac{1}{t^2}\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]+\frac{1}{t}\frac{1}{\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]}\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t\log X]

であるから,

\begin{align}
h'(t)\geq0&\Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{t}\frac{\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t\log X]}{\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]}\geq \frac{1}{t^2}\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]\\
&\Leftrightarrow t\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t\log X]\geq \mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]\\
&\Leftrightarrow \mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t\log X^t]\geq\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]\tag{1}
\end{align}

ここで,Y=X^tと置くと,(1)式は

\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[Y\log Y]\geq \mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_Y}[Y]\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[Y]\tag{2}

と書ける.さて,

g(y)=y\log y

なる関数を考えると,

g''(y)=\frac{1}{y}>0,\ \ \forall y>0

よりgは凸関数であるから,Jensenの不等式により(2)式は成立する.

2.方針

1.を利用する.H,Mはそれぞれt=-1,1をA(t)に代入したものなので,Aは増加関数よりH<=Mである.あとはGがt=0を代入したものであることを示す.

2.答案

\begin{align}
\lim_{t\rightarrow 0}h(t)&= \lim_{t\rightarrow0}\frac{\log\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t]}{t}\\
&= \lim_{t\rightarrow0}\frac{\mathbb{E}[X^t\log X]}{\mathbb{E}[X^t]}\\
&= \mathbb{E}[\log X]
\end{align}

なので,

\begin{align}
\lim_{t\rightarrow0}(\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[X^t])^{1/t}&= \lim_{t\rightarrow0}\exp(h(t))\\
&= \exp(\mathbb{E}_{X\sim f_X}[\log X])\\
&= G
\end{align}

であるから,A(t)は増加関数より,H<=G<=Mが成り立つ.

参考文献

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