EC2のインスタンス(Amazon Linux)にSphinxをインストールしてみます。

前提条件

EC2インスタンスに対してec2-userでSSHログインできること。

インストール
=============

コマンド(EC2インスタンス)

sudo pip install sphinx

結果(例)

You are using pip version 6.1.1, however version 7.1.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Collecting sphinx
  Downloading Sphinx-1.3.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.3MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.3MB 356kB/s 
Collecting sphinx-rtd-theme<0.2,>=0.1 (from sphinx)
  Downloading sphinx_rtd_theme-0.1.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl (418kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 421kB 1.1MB/s 
Collecting snowballstemmer>=1.1 (from sphinx)
  Downloading snowballstemmer-1.2.0.tar.gz (49kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 53kB 7.1MB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): six>=1.4 in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from sphinx)
Collecting Pygments>=2.0 (from sphinx)
  Downloading Pygments-2.0.2-py2-none-any.whl (672kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 675kB 709kB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): docutils>=0.11 in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from sphinx)
Collecting babel>=1.3 (from sphinx)
  Downloading Babel-1.3.tar.gz (3.4MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 3.4MB 140kB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): Jinja2>=2.3 in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from sphinx)
Collecting alabaster<0.8,>=0.7 (from sphinx)
  Downloading alabaster-0.7.6-py2-none-any.whl
Collecting pytz>=0a (from babel>=1.3->sphinx)
  Downloading pytz-2015.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (475kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 475kB 1.1MB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): markupsafe in /usr/lib64/python2.7/dist-packages (from Jinja2>=2.3->sphinx)
Installing collected packages: sphinx-rtd-theme, snowballstemmer, Pygments, pytz, babel, alabaster, sphinx
  Running setup.py install for snowballstemmer
  Found existing installation: Babel 0.9.4
    Uninstalling Babel-0.9.4:
      Successfully uninstalled Babel-0.9.4
  Running setup.py install for babel
Successfully installed Pygments-2.0.2 alabaster-0.7.6 babel-1.3 pytz-2015.4 snowballstemmer-1.2.0 sphinx-1.3.1 sphinx-rtd-theme-0.1.8

確認
=============

コマンド(EC2インスタンス)

which sphinx-build

結果(例)

/usr/local/bin/sphinx-build

コマンド(EC2インスタンス)

sphinx-build --version

結果(例)

Sphinx (sphinx-build) 1.3.1

コマンド(EC2インスタンス)

which sphinx-quickstart

結果(例)

/usr/local/bin/sphinx-quickstart

完了

参考

pipが利用できればOSを問わずインストールできるはずです。
Sphinxの更新履歴は http://docs.sphinx-users.jp/changes.html で公開されています。