case文の場合
SELECT
case EXTRACT(DOW FROM CAST('2019/01/24' AS DATE))
when 0 then '日'
when 1 then '月'
when 2 then '火'
when 3 then '水'
when 4 then '木'
when 5 then '金'
when 6 then '土'
end
case文を使わない方法
arrayを使うと1文で書けます(※arrayの添字が1から始まるので要注意)
SELECT
(array['日','月','火','水','木','金','土'])[EXTRACT(DOW FROM CAST('2019/01/24' AS DATE)) + 1]