概要

pip install transformers しようとしたところ、この人と同じ問題で、

以下のようなエラーが発生した(; ･`д･´)

発生したエラー

mac terminal

$ pip install transformers==4.21.2

...(略)

error: `cargo rustc --lib --message-format=json-render-diagnostics --manifest-path Cargo.toml --release -v --features pyo3/extension-module --crate-type cdylib -- -C 'link-args=-undefined dynamic_lookup -Wl,-install_name,@rpath/tokenizers.cpython-310-darwin.so'` failed with code 101
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for tokenizers
  Building wheel for pyperclip (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for pyperclip: filename=pyperclip-1.8.2-py3-none-any.whl size=11123 sha256=14dbdcd9ab428d312c569e32eed24ce86a26ce13da5d44bea6be4a0b19e61c0f
  Stored in directory: /Users/user_name/Library/Caches/pip/wheels/04/24/fe/140a94a7f1036003ede94579e6b4227fe96c840c6f4dcbe307
Successfully built grpcio grad-cam pyperclip
Failed to build tokenizers
ERROR: Could not build wheels for tokenizers, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

注目すべきはここ。rustc。

error: `cargo rustc ...

または、 tokenizer で以下のようなエラーが出ることもあるが、同根の問題。

#0 66.31 Building wheels for collected packages: grad-cam, tokenizers, psutil
#0 66.31   Building wheel for grad-cam (pyproject.toml): started
#0 66.44   Building wheel for grad-cam (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
#0 66.44   Created wheel for grad-cam: filename=grad_cam-1.4.5-py3-none-any.whl size=37003 sha256=9e6af0f2da3ac76e2c6651fd9b10e26c23fa0fe4468876b11162168973c1beaa
#0 66.44   Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/0e/bd/d3/137eda21c45dae4fb5b587244cb747b76682a7506dee79fa9d
#0 66.44   Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml): started
#0 66.54   Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
#0 66.54   error: subprocess-exited-with-error
#0 66.54   
#0 66.54   × Building wheel for tokenizers (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
#0 66.54   │ exit code: 1
#0 66.54   ╰─> [51 lines of output]
#0 66.54       running bdist_wheel
#0 66.54       running build
#0 66.54       running build_py
#0 66.54       creating build
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/models
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/models/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/models
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/decoders
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/decoders/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/decoders
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/normalizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/normalizers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/normalizers
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/pre_tokenizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/pre_tokenizers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/pre_tokenizers
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/processors
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/processors/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/processors
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/trainers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/trainers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/trainers
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/sentencepiece_bpe.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/byte_level_bpe.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/bert_wordpiece.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/char_level_bpe.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/base_tokenizer.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/implementations/sentencepiece_unigram.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/implementations
#0 66.54       creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/tools
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/tools/visualizer.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/tools
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/tools/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/tools
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/models/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/models
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/decoders/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/decoders
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/normalizers/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/normalizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/pre_tokenizers/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/pre_tokenizers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/processors/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/processors
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/trainers/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/trainers
#0 66.54       copying py_src/tokenizers/tools/visualizer-styles.css -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-cpython-311/tokenizers/tools
#0 66.54       running build_ext
#0 66.54       running build_rust
#0 66.54       error: can't find Rust compiler
#0 66.54       
#0 66.54       If you are using an outdated pip version, it is possible a prebuilt wheel is available for this package but pip is not able to install from it. Installing from the wheel would avoid the need for a Rust compiler.
#0 66.54       
#0 66.54       To update pip, run:
#0 66.54       
#0 66.54           pip install --upgrade pip
#0 66.54       
#0 66.54       and then retry package installation.
#0 66.54       
#0 66.54       If you did intend to build this package from source, try installing a Rust compiler from your system package manager and ensure it is on the PATH during installation. Alternatively, rustup (available at https://rustup.rs) is the recommended way to download and update the Rust compiler toolchain.
#0 66.54       [end of output]
#0 66.54   
#0 66.54   note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
#0 66.54   ERROR: Failed building wheel for tokenizers
#0 66.54   Building wheel for psutil (pyproject.toml): started
#0 67.57   Building wheel for psutil (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
#0 67.57   Created wheel for psutil: filename=psutil-5.9.8-cp311-abi3-linux_aarch64.whl size=290017 sha256=0c10ef47d0fa17b698f7ea176fc7d909045617197174955e9ee8770280f13d49
#0 67.57   Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/a6/1e/65/fb0ad37886dca3f25a0aa8e50f4903c5bdbde4bb8a9b1e27de
#0 67.57 Successfully built grad-cam psutil
#0 67.57 Failed to build tokenizers
#0 67.57 ERROR: Could not build wheels for tokenizers, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects
------
failed to solve: executor failed running [/bin/sh -c pip install -Ur requirements.txt]: exit code: 1

このようなエラーの時に注目すべきはここ。

error: can't find Rust compiler

~~最近気づいたのですが、なんか、 M2 Mac と rust って相性悪いっぽいんですよね（M1もかもしれない）。~~¹

Mac のせいだと思ってたら、Mac 関係ない気がしてきた。 Docker イメージ上でも発生した。

環境

項目	version など
OS	MacOS or Ubuntu の Docker イメージ上でも発生した
CPU	Apple M2
python	3.10.11 or 3.11 でも発生
transformers	4.21.2

解決策

「うわ～面倒なやつだ～」｡ﾟ･(´^ω^｀)･ﾟ｡と思ってたら、transformers のつい最近のアップデートにより、インストールできるようになってました。

version 番号として、 transformers==4.37.2 を指定してあげればOK だった。

ただし、古い transformers －例えば 4.22.2 とか－をどうしても使いたい場合は、他の解決策を探すことになる。

関連記事

もしかしたら、以下の issue コメントにあるように、 rust をインストールする方法でも問題は解決できるかもしれない。といっても、 version 上げるだけの方が簡単なので、自分は version 上げて対応したけどね！(*˘︶˘*)

sudachipyのinstallの時もrustで引っかかって記事を書いたばかりなのです。 ↩