本文

@tao_s さんの国コード一覧CSV ISO 3166-1 に触発されて、都道府県コードのCSV形式データを共有します。X0402 のコードに "JP-" を前置すれば "ISO 3166-2:JP" のコードになります（例: "JP-47" 沖縄県）

コードと名称

"Code","Name"
"01","北海道"
"02","青森県"
"03","岩手県"
"04","宮城県"
"05","秋田県"
"06","山形県"
"07","福島県"
"08","茨城県"
"09","栃木県"
"10","群馬県"
"11","埼玉県"
"12","千葉県"
"13","東京都"
"14","神奈川県"
"15","新潟県"
"16","富山県"
"17","石川県"
"18","福井県"
"19","山梨県"
"20","長野県"
"21","岐阜県"
"22","静岡県"
"23","愛知県"
"24","三重県"
"25","滋賀県"
"26","京都府"
"27","大阪府"
"28","兵庫県"
"29","奈良県"
"30","和歌山県"
"31","鳥取県"
"32","島根県"
"33","岡山県"
"34","広島県"
"35","山口県"
"36","徳島県"
"37","香川県"
"38","愛媛県"
"39","高知県"
"40","福岡県"
"41","佐賀県"
"42","長崎県"
"43","熊本県"
"44","大分県"
"45","宮崎県"
"46","鹿児島県"
"47","沖縄県"

コードと名称とよみ

"Code","Kanji","Katakana","Hiragana"
"01","北海道","ホッカイドウ","ほっかいどう"
"02","青森県","アオモリケン","あおもりけん"
"03","岩手県","イワテケン","いわてけん"
"04","宮城県","ミヤギケン","みやぎけん"
"05","秋田県","アキタケン","あきたけん"
"06","山形県","ヤマガタケン","やまがたけん"
"07","福島県","フクシマケン","ふくしまけん"
"08","茨城県","イバラキケン","いばらきけん"
"09","栃木県","トチギケン","とちぎけん"
"10","群馬県","グンマケン","ぐんまけん"
"11","埼玉県","サイタマケン","さいたまけん"
"12","千葉県","チバケン","ちばけん"
"13","東京都","トウキョウト","とうきょうと"
"14","神奈川県","カナガワケン","かながわけん"
"15","新潟県","ニイガタケン","にいがたけん"
"16","富山県","トヤマケン","とやまけん"
"17","石川県","イシカワケン","いしかわけん"
"18","福井県","フクイケン","ふくいけん"
"19","山梨県","ヤマナシケン","やまなしけん"
"20","長野県","ナガノケン","ながのけん"
"21","岐阜県","ギフケン","ぎふけん"
"22","静岡県","シズオカケン","しずおかけん"
"23","愛知県","アイチケン","あいちけん"
"24","三重県","ミエケン","みえけん"
"25","滋賀県","シガケン","しがけん"
"26","京都府","キョウトフ","きょうとふ"
"27","大阪府","オオサカフ","おおさかふ"
"28","兵庫県","ヒョウゴケン","ひょうごけん"
"29","奈良県","ナラケン","ならけん"
"30","和歌山県","ワカヤマケン","わかやまけん"
"31","鳥取県","トットリケン","とっとりけん"
"32","島根県","シマネケン","しまねけん"
"33","岡山県","オカヤマケン","おかやまけん"
"34","広島県","ヒロシマケン","ひろしまけん"
"35","山口県","ヤマグチケン","やまぐちけん"
"36","徳島県","トクシマケン","とくしまけん"
"37","香川県","カガワケン","かがわけん"
"38","愛媛県","エヒメケン","えひめけん"
"39","高知県","コウチケン","こうちけん"
"40","福岡県","フクオカケン","ふくおかけん"
"41","佐賀県","サガケン","さがけん"
"42","長崎県","ナガサキケン","ながさきけん"
"43","熊本県","クマモトケン","くまもとけん"
"44","大分県","オオイタケン","おおいたけん"
"45","宮崎県","ミヤザキケン","みやざきけん"
"46","鹿児島県","カゴシマケン","かごしまけん"
"47","沖縄県","オキナワケン","おきなわけん"

@nappa さんが JIS X 0401 と都道府県の順番で言及しておられますが、都道府県入力UI上、コードの順番が利便性と繋がっているかといえば疑問です。
個人的に、ドロップダウンリスト（コンボボックス）から都道府県を選ばせるUIは面倒くさい...テキストボックスへ、漢字や読みを１文字入力すると候補を出してくれたり、自動補完してくれたり、せいぜいタイポを指摘してくれる程度のほうが有り難いです。区市町村以下はテキスト入力するのですし。

日本郵便のサイトで配布されている郵便番号データ "ken_all.csv" は有名ですが、次の記事にあるとおり"取扱注意"のようです。

ご参考

JIS検索本家。中身も見られます。
ISO検索本家。中身については有償。一部は無償公開。
エンジニアが知っておいて損は無さそうなISOの標準規格たち @laqiizさん