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英語論文ライティング技法

Last updated at Posted at 2021-01-11

英語の科学技術論文を執筆するにあたって、中山裕木子著「英語論文ライティング教本」が非常に参考になったのでそれをまとめる。

3C(Correct, Clear, Consize)

  • 正しく、明確に、簡潔に
  • Nature アブストラクトなど、ネイティブが書いた論文を参考にしよう
  • 文法は中学のまでで十分
  • 平易な単語を使う。語数を少なくする
    • apply, utilize, employ -> use
    • carry outよりもconduct, a number of よりもmany
    • in order toはつかわず、toでよい
  • 受動態よりも能動態
  • 分詞構文は使わない
  • so, therefore, on the other handはつかわない

Correct

  • 特定できるもの-> the , そうでなければ a
    • しかし読み手視点で、初出ならaにする場合もある
    • 例:The paper presents a technique for simulating ...
    • We have developed a simulator that runs on a Windows machine.
    • our や thatにおきかえて成り立つならtheにする
  • respectivelyの使い方には注意
    • A and B are C and D, respectively のように対応が明確なもの
    • できれば使わないで対応が明確になるようにすることが望ましい
  • 自動詞か他動詞か
  • 時制:実験結果は過去、それ以外は現在形
  • demonstrate -> show -> indicate -> imply -> suggest
  • thatは限定用法、whichは非限定用法に使い分け
  • withをつかうときはusing~かhaving~のいずれかの意味と同等であることを確認。または付帯状況のwith。byは手段または動作主
    • 付帯状況withの例
      • When an electric current is introduced to water, hydrogen and oxygen are separated, with hydrogen forming at the cathode and oxygen forming at the anode.
    • usingと同じwithの例
      • We can sanitize products with the strong oxidation of ozone.
  • compared toは「類似」を表すがあまりつかわられない。比較はcompare withを使う。さらにそれよりも比較級~than...が推奨
  • 句読点
    • シリアルコンマ(A, B, and C)を使う
    • (e.g.,~)のようにコンマを使う
    • コロン: は説明のために使う 図の説明のときにつかう spectra 1 : top
    • セミコロン; は2つの独立した文章をつなぐ。2文目にhoweverやthusがくる
      • The intermediate was not easily accessible; thus the final product was observed.
      • また、コンマが続く場合紛らわしくならないように2つの文をつなぐときに使う
    • エンダッシュ:Ctrl + "-" -> 値の範囲または単語をつなぐ
    • エムダッシュ:Ctrl + Alt + "-" -> 補足説明
  • 単位は(km)のように丸カッコ

Clear & Concise

  • 無生物主語や動名詞を主語にしてSVOを作る
  • Weを主語にする
  • 肯定文にする。un- をつかうまたはno-
    • No data has ~
    • remain unknown ..
    • ほかに, sparse, limit, lose, poorなど
  • It is ~ はやめる
  • There is/are~ はやめる
  • 明快, 平易にするために便利な動詞: use, show, require, enable, have, allow(permit), cause, contain, involve, provide, advance , undergo, result from~
  • demonstrate, show, indicate, imply, suggestのほか、highlight, point to~
  • 接続詞はなるべく排除する。Thereforeは強すぎるためあまりつかわない。
    • However, thusは入れることで読みやすくなるのであれば入れる。
    • Howeverは接続副詞
      • However, the method is ...
      • ...; however, ...
    • thusは文中副詞で使うと効果的(したがって)
      • Motors consume electric power constituting 50% of the total energy generated in Japan. Reducing the energy loss of motors is thus important.
      • Current global patterns of biodiversity result from processes that operate over both space and time and thus require an integrated macroecological and macroevolutionary perspective.
    • Accordinglyは避ける。In addtionよりもAdditionalyを使う
      • accordinglyは文末で有効な場合がある
    • Unfortunatelyは許容される
  • 接続詞よりも文章のつながりで流れを表す。内容で論理展開を行う
    • 主語をそろえる
    • This XXX, Such XXXのようにする
    • On the other hand, While(一方)はやめる。どうしてもいれたいときはIn contrast, whereasをつかう
    • Recently, Conventionally, Generally は文中
  • 不定冠詞の無生物主語でIfやWhenのニュアンス-> 複文を単文にする
    • A defect on the landing pat will reduce the weld strength or cause the bonding needle to break.
  • Natureアブストラクトからの例文
    • Here we present, analyze and map the first complete dated phylogeny of all 9,993 extant species of birds, a widely studied group showing many unique adaptations. We find that birds have undergone a strong increase in diversification rate from about 50 million years ago to the near present. This acceleration is due to a number of significant rate increases, both within songbirds and within other young and mostly temperate radiations including the waterfowl, gulls and woodpeckers. Importantly, species characterized with very high past diversification rates are interspersed throughout the avian tree and across geographic space. Geographically, the major differences in diversification rates are hemispheric rather than latitudinal, with bird assemblages in Asia, North America and southern South America containing a disproportionate number of species from recent rapid radiations. The contribution of rapidly radiating lineages to both temporal diversification dynamics and spatial distributions of species diversity illustrates the benefits of an inclusive geographical and taxonomical perspective. Overall, whereas constituent clades may exhibit slowdowns, the adaptive zone into which modern birds have diversified since the Cretaceous may still offer opportunities for diversification.

技術論文の構成別注意点

Title

  • 本文を書いた後
  • 簡潔に、具体的に キーワードを含める

Introduction

  • パラグラフライティングを活用。一般的なこと⇒詳細、知られていること⇒知られてないこと、または時間順、重要度順
  • Recently, ではじめない。一般的なことを表す名詞の複数形から始める。(一般事項を表すには通常、複数形だが、最初から話題を絞る場合は単数形の場合もある)
    • Reflect array antennas are notable alternatives to parabolic antennas.
    • Wireless communication involving cellular phones and smartphones transmits information using radio waves that propagate in the air. Wireless communication is thus more susceptive to wiretapping than cable communication.
    • The paper reports the bias voltage dependence of PL spectra.

Methods

  • 事実を表すためにここでは受動態を活用
  • 基本的に過去形を使用

Discussion

  • 助動詞を使って断定を避ける
  • 受動態を使って事実を淡々と述べる

Conclusion, References

  • 現在系、過去形の両方が可能
  • 考察のポイントを繰り返したり、関係のない情報を含めたりしない。提示した証拠に基づいてかく
  • スタイルガイドより:The purpose of the conclusions section is to put the interpretation into the context of the original problem. Do not repeat discussion points or include irrelevant material. Conclusions should be based on the evidence presented.

工業英検の例文

A space station must operate continuously and thus requires maintainability design. Device failures and performance deteriorations are inevitable(...), and repairs and replacements must be made without stopping the operation. Maintainability design means to design things considering these requirements.

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