下記3ファイルを作成しvagrant up

Vagrantfile
changeMysqlPass.sh
mysql.conf

Vagrantfile

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
  # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
  # https://docs.vagrantup.com.

  # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
  # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
  config.vm.box = "centos/7"

  # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
  # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
  # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
  # config.vm.box_check_update = false

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
  # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
  # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
  # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"

  # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
  # using a specific IP.
  config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

  # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
  # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
  # your network.
  # config.vm.network "public_network"

  # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
  # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
  # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
  # argument is a set of non-required options.
  # config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"

  # Disable the default share of the current code directory. Doing this
  # provides improved isolation between the vagrant box and your host
  # by making sure your Vagrantfile isn't accessible to the vagrant box.
  # If you use this you may want to enable additional shared subfolders as
  # shown above.
  # config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true

  # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
  # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
  # Example for VirtualBox:
  #
  # config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
  #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
  #   vb.gui = true
  #
  #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
  #   vb.memory = "1024"
  # end
  #
  # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
  # information on available options.

  # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
  # Ansible, Chef, Docker, Puppet and Salt are also available. Please see the
  # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
  config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL

  # SELinux Offに
  sed -i -e 's/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
  setenforce 0

  # SSH パスフレーズでログイン
  sed -i -e 's/PasswordAuthentication no/PasswordAuthentication yes/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
  systemctl restart sshd

  # expectインストール
  yum install -y expect

  # nkfでLFに変換
  yum install -y nkf
  nkf -Lu -w --overwrite /vagrant/changeMysqlPass.sh

  # mysqlインストール
  rpm -Uvh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
  yum install -y mysql-community-server
  systemctl enable mysqld.service
  systemctl start mysqld.service

  # mysqlのパス変更
  grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log | awk '{print $NF}' > /home/vagrant/initMysqlPass
  bash /vagrant/changeMysqlPass.sh
  rm /home/vagrant/initMysqlPass

  # データベースの作成とユーザーの権限設定
  mysql --defaults-extra-file=/vagrant/mysql.conf -e "CREATE DATABASE app;"
  mysql --defaults-extra-file=/vagrant/mysql.conf -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON app.* TO 'root'@'localhost';"

  SHELL
end

changeMysqlPass.sh

#mysqlパスワード
OLD_PASSWORD_MYSQL=$(cat /home/vagrant/initMysqlPass)
NEW_PASSWORD_MYSQL='P@ssw0rd'

#mysqlのパスワード変更
expect -c "
spawn mysql_secure_installation
expect {
    \"Enter password for user root\" {
        send \"$OLD_PASSWORD_MYSQL\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"The existing password for the user account root has expired. Please set a new password.\" {
        send \"$NEW_PASSWORD_MYSQL\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Re-enter new password\" {
        send \"$NEW_PASSWORD_MYSQL\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No)\" {
        send \"n\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No)\" {
        send \"n\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No)\" {
        send \"n\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No)\" {
        send \"n\r\"
    }
}
expect {
    \"Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No)\" {
        send \"n\r\"
    }
}
"

mysql.conf

[client]
user = root
password = P@ssw0rd