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EAGLYS Advent Calendar 2019Advent Calendar 2019

Day 2

python でdbの標準ドライバを作る話。

Last updated at Posted at 2019-12-02

概要

DB系のプロダクト開発でバックエンドがほぼほぼ完成した際に、
pythonやjavaで標準的に使われている形のドライバをラッパーとして用意し、ユーザの使いやすさを向上したいと考えました。

javaはまだ書いたことないので勉強が必要ですが、まずはpythonでラッパーを書くことになり、標準のドライバーの仕様について勉強し、実装の流れについてまとめてみます。

参考文献

内容

今回ナイーブながら実装してみたものをまとめると、以下になります。

  • Our_Api クラス
  • Connection クラス
  • Cursor クラス
  • Error クラス
  • Type クラス

コード的には、われわれのドライバをつかって

main.py
#!/usr/bin/python

import MySQLdb

# Open database connection
db = MySQLdb.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# prepare a cursor object using cursor() method
cursor = db.cursor()

# execute SQL query using execute() method.
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")

# Fetch a single row using fetchone() method.
data = cursor.fetchone()
print "Database version : %s " % data

# disconnect from server
db.close()

みたいなことがしたいわけです。

ここでのMySQLdb が自分たちの提供するドライバのライブラリになって、
MySQLdb が Connectionクラスのオブジェクトを必要な設定変数とともに作ります。
また、Connectionクラスは Cursorクラスのオブジェクトを生成します。
Cursorクラスのはcursor.execute()とか、cursor.fetchone()のようなメソッドを持ち、
渡されたSQLの結果が格納されますし、それらの結果にアクセスして見ることができます。

また、Insert や Updateなどが行われるときは、

main.py
#!/usr/bin/python

import MySQLdb

# Open database connection
db = MySQLdb.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )

# prepare a cursor object using cursor() method
cursor = db.cursor()

# Prepare SQL query to INSERT a record into the database.
sql = """INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME,
         LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
         VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)"""
try:
   # Execute the SQL command
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # Commit your changes in the database
   db.commit()
except:
   # Rollback in case there is any error
   db.rollback()

# disconnect from server
db.close()

のようにして、db.coimmit()すなわちconnectionクラスのcommit()メソッドを呼ぶことで変更したオペレーションを実際にDBに反映させ、もし戻したいと成った場合にはdb.rollback()などのメソッドで元に戻すことができます。

また、Error クラスはエラーのハンドリングを指定された形で行うために実装されます。
さらに、Typeクラスは、仮にDB操作のバックエンドがPython以外で書かれていた場合など、戻ってくるデータ型を的確にpythonの対応するデータ型に変更する際に使われます。

以上を踏まえて実装したものを簡単にまとめて紹介します。

実装

メインディレクトリでの

tree .

の結果は

.
├── api_core
│   ├── api_connection.py
│   ├── api_cursor.py
│   ├── api_error.py
│   ├── api_type.py
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── our_api.py
├── main.py
└── requirements.txt

のように成っています。

api_connection.py
from .api_cursor import Cursor

class Connection:
    '''
        Connection class

        class member:
            api_host: str
            api_port: int
            e.g) http://{api_host}:{api_port}

        class method:
            cursor: returns Cursor class object
            close: call destructor to delete the class object itself
    '''
    
    def __init__(self, proxy_conf_dict = None, proxy_conf_file=None):
        if proxy_conf_dict:

            self.api_host = proxy_conf_dict['api_host']
            self.api_port = proxy_conf_dict['api_port']

            self.proxy_conf_dict = proxy_conf_dict

    def __del__(self):
        pass


    def cursor(self):
        return Cursor(self.proxy_conf_dict)

    def close(self):
        self.__del__()


api_cursor.py
import requests
import json

from .api_type import Type, Type_Enum

class Cursor:
    def __init__(self, proxy_conf_dict=None):
        '''
            Cursor class

            class member:
                result: list of retrieved records (list of dictionary)
                type_dict: dict of (telling which column is datetime, time or date)
                conf_dict: dict of (host and port)
                index which: integer telling where cursor points to
                query_execute_que: list of raw_query (query not related to select statement and they will be sent when connection.commit)
                

            class method:
                execute: params(raw_query:str)
                        update self.result and self.type_dict
                commit:  params()
                        send post request for "not" select statement
                fetchone: params()
                        return self.result(self.index)
                fetchall: params()
                        return self.result
                next: params()
                        increment self.index by one
                
                previous: params()
                        increment self.index by minus one


        '''        
        # Cursor contains followings

        self.result = None
        self.type_dict = None
        self.proxy_conf_dict = None
        self.index = 0
        self.query_execute_que = []
        
        if conf_dict is not None:
            self.conf_dict = conf_dict
        

    def execute(self, raw_query:str):
        # execute function 
        # sends query by post request to proxy, when sql is select statement
        # if not select statement, store the sql to self.query_execute_que

        if self.__parse_query_select_or_not(raw_query):
            url = f'http://{self.conf_dict["api_host"]}:{self.conf_dict["api_port"]}/query'
            result = requests.post(url, data=dict(sql=raw_query))


            # post request to /query endpoint returns result (list of dictionary) and type_dict (dictionary)
            self.result = json.loads(result.text)['result']
            self.type_dict = json.loads(result.text)['type_dict']


            # if type_dict contains key, mean that result contains either datetime, time or date
            # therefore those records needs to be converted to the python class object instead of string.
            if self.type_dict.keys() is not None and len(self.type_dict.keys()) > 0:
                for i in range(len(self.result)):
                    for key in self.type_dict.keys():
                        self.result[i][key] = Type.parse_string_to(self.result[i][key], self.type_dict[key])
        
        else:
            self.query_execute_que.append(raw_query)



    def commit(self):
        # commit function
        # if there are stored raw_query in self.query_execute_que, send post request

        if len(self.query_execute_que) == 0:
            pass

        else:
            url = f'http://{self.conf_dict["api_host"]}:{self.conf_dict["api_port"]}/query'
            result = requests.post(url, data=dict(sql=self.query_execute_que, transaction=True))  

        self.query_execute_que = None      




    def fetchone(self):
        # fetchone function
        # if there is record (dictionary) in self.result,
        # and if self.index is whithin the len(self.result)
        # return result[self.index] (one correspoinding record)

        assert self.result is not None, 'cursor does not have a result to fetch'
        if len(self.result) > 0:
            try:
                return self.result[self.index]
            except:
                raise Exception('cursor index is not appropriate for result')
        else:
            pass
        
        
        pass

    def fetchall(self):
        # fetch all function
        # if there is records (dictonary) in self.result,
        # return all teh result (as a list of dictionary)

        assert self.result is not None, 'cursor does not have a result to fetch'
        if len(self.result) > 0:
            return self.result
        else:
            pass

        pass

    def next(self):
        # next function
        # move index one forward

        self.index += 1

    def previous(self):
        # previous function
        # move index one backward

        self.index -= 1


    def __parse_query_select_or_not(self, raw_query:str):
        # parser for raw_query
        # raw_query: str
        # return True if raw_query is select statement,
        # False if raw_query is not select statement

        if raw_query.lower().startswith('select'):
            return True
        else:
            False

    
api_error.py
class Error:
    '''
        Error class
            TODO implementation
        
    '''      
    def __init__(self):
        pass
api_type.py
from enum import Enum
import datetime

class Type_Enum(Enum):
    '''
        Type_Enum class
            contains Data type which needs to be converted to python object from string in query result.
            

        class member:
            DATE = 'date'
            DATETIME = 'datetime'
            TIME = 'time'            
        
    '''     

    DATE = 'date'
    DATETIME = 'datetime'
    TIME = 'time'




class Type:

    '''
        Type class
            

        class member:
        
        class method:
            @staticmethod 
                parse_string_to: params(target_string:str, target_type:str)
                                 return either python datetime, date, time object which parsed string to.
           
        
    '''         
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    ## some data type such as date, datetime, time is returned as string, needs to be converted to corresponding python object.

    @staticmethod
    def parse_string_to(target_string:str, target_type:str):
        if target_type == Type_Enum.DATE.value:
            date_time_obj = datetime.datetime.strptime(target_string, '%Y-%m-%d')
            return date_time_obj.date()
        elif target_type == Type_Enum.TIME.value:
            date_time_obj = datetime.datetime.strptime(target_string, '%H:%M:%S.%f')
            return date_time_obj.time()               
        elif target_type == Type_Enum.DATETIME.value:
            date_time_obj = datetime.datetime.strptime(target_string, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f')
            return date_time_obj          


our_api.py
from .api_connection import Connection

class Our_API:
    '''
        Our_API class    

        class member:
        
        class method:
            connect: params(conf_dict, conf_file)
                     return Connection class object
        
    '''  
    
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def connect(conf_dict=None, conf_file=None):
        if conf_dict:
            return Connection(conf_dict)

        elif conf_file:
            return Connection(conf_file)

おわりに

これがJavaで書くとどんな感じになるのか楽しみです。

おわり。

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