standby modeで起動する設定をしているPostgreSQLを起動したら以下のログが出力されました。
PostgreSQLのVersionは15です。

2023-10-26 21:16:42.891 JST [938550] LOG:  starting PostgreSQL 15.4 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 8.5.0 20210514 (Red Hat 8.5.0-18), 64-bit
2023-10-26 21:16:42.892 JST [938550] LOG:  listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432
2023-10-26 21:16:42.892 JST [938550] LOG:  listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432
2023-10-26 21:16:42.896 JST [938550] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2023-10-26 21:16:42.908 JST [938550] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2023-10-26 21:16:42.928 JST [938554] LOG:  database system was interrupted while in recovery at log time 2023-10-26 16:25:19 JST
2023-10-26 21:16:42.928 JST [938554] HINT:  If this has occurred more than once some data might be corrupted and you might need to choose an earlier recovery target.
2023-10-26 21:16:53.124 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 10.18 s, current path: ./base/4/13365_vm
2023-10-26 21:17:02.967 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 20.02 s, current path: ./base/51796/2836
2023-10-26 21:17:12.940 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 30.00 s, current path: ./base/51796/52447
2023-10-26 21:17:23.112 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 40.17 s, current path: ./base/51796/53690
2023-10-26 21:17:32.939 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 50.00 s, current path: ./base/51796/84939
2023-10-26 21:17:43.036 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 60.09 s, current path: ./base/51796/85754
2023-10-26 21:17:53.134 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 70.19 s, current path: ./base/51796/85812
2023-10-26 21:18:02.993 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 80.05 s, current path: ./base/122935/4146
2023-10-26 21:18:13.090 JST [938554] LOG:  syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: 90.15 s, current path: ./base/122935/3602
2023-10-26 21:18:18.725 JST [938554] LOG:  entering standby mode
2023-10-26 21:18:19.451 JST [938554] LOG:  redo starts at 58/6542BCF0
2023-10-26 21:18:19.524 JST [938554] LOG:  consistent recovery state reached at 58/659DE1C8
2023-10-26 21:18:19.525 JST [938550] LOG:  database system is ready to accept read-only connections
2023-10-26 21:18:19.681 JST [938554] FATAL:  invalid memory alloc request size 3869673781
2023-10-26 21:18:19.684 JST [938550] LOG:  startup process (PID 938554) exited with exit code 1
2023-10-26 21:18:19.684 JST [938550] LOG:  terminating any other active server processes
2023-10-26 21:18:19.686 JST [938550] LOG:  shutting down due to startup process failure
2023-10-26 21:18:19.703 JST [938550] LOG:  database system is shut down

見どころは以下の2行

LOG:  database system was interrupted while in recovery at log time 2023-10-26 16:25:19 JST
HINT:  If this has occurred more than once some data might be corrupted and you might need to choose an earlier recovery target.

と以下の1行

FATAL:  invalid memory alloc request size 3869673781

かと思います。
数回起動を試みたのですが同じログを出力して起動できませんでした。

ログのHINTから、リカバリに必要なWALが残っていれば、an earlier recovery targetを指定して立ち上げ、masterと同期できるかな…と思ったのですが、やったことがなかったので、pg_basebackupを使って再度バックアップを取得しなおしました。