This is just some note for who want to get Ruby Silver certification. :)

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Chapter 4: Object orientation (continue)

4.5. Class Method

4.5.1. Class `Class`

① Example about using class method

class Foo; end
foo_class = Foo.class
→ Class

② Create an instance of class Class

2.1.
Foo = Class.new

Foo.new.class
→ Foo

2.2.
FooExt = Class.new(Foo) do      # → Foo is super class
  def initialize b              # → Init method of FooExt class
    super()
    @b = b
  end

  def method_2 c                # → Instance method method_2
    @b + c
  end
end

4.5.2. Define a class method

①

class Class
  def new_method
    puts "This method will be applied as a class method of any class"
  end
end

class Foo; end
Foo.new_method
→ This method will be applied as a class method of any class
String.new_method
→ This method will be applied as a class method of any class

②

class Foo
  def Foo.new_method
    puts "This is Foo.new_method"
  end
end

Foo.new_method
→ This is Foo.new_method

③

class Foo
  def self.new_method
    puts "New method of Foo"
  end
end

Foo.new_method
→ "New method of Foo"

④

class Foo
  class << self
    def new_method
      puts "new_method"
    end
  end
end

Foo.new_method
→ "new_method"

4.5.3. `include` and `extend`

2.3.0 :005 >   class C4
2.3.0 :006?>     include M4
2.3.0 :007?>     extend M4
2.3.0 :008?>   end
 => C4
2.3.0 :009 > C4.method1
 => 1
2.3.0 :010 > C4.new.method1
 => 1

4.6. Scope of methods, attributes

Definition

public: can called in every where → this is default
protected: can called only inside object, instance of sub class
private: can called only inside object

class Bar1
  def public_method1; 1; end
  public
  def public_method2; 2; end

  protected
  def protected_method1; 1; end
  def protected_method2; 2; end

  private
  def private_method1; 1; end
end

Bar1.new.public_method1  → 1
Bar1.new.public_method2  → 2
Bar1.new.protected_method1 → NoMethodError
Bar1.new.protected_method2 → NoMethodError
Bar1.new.private_method1 → NoMethodError

We can change the scope of method or attributes by using key word: public, private, protected like below:

class Bar1
  def public_method1; 1; end
  public
  def public_method2; 2; end

  protected
  def protected_method1; 1; end
  def protected_method2; 2; end

  private
  def private_method1; 1; end
end

class Bar2 < Bar1
  public :private_method1
end

Bar2.new.private_method1 → 1

★ NOTE: Can not use self for calling a private method inside object

class Bar2
  def public_method1
    private_method1
  end

  def public_method2
    self.private_method1
  end

  private
  def private_method1; 1; end
end

b = Bar2.new
b.public_method1 → 1
b.public_method2 → NoMethodError: private method `private_method1' called for #<Bar2:0x007fc3ca806a70>

4.6.2. `Kernel` module and function

Object class is including Kernel module

2.3.0 :052 > Object.included_modules
 => [Kernel]

In Kernel, there are some methods are defined, sample: p, puts. You can check all methods of Kernel module by run: Kernel.methods
Almost methods of Kernel module are private, so we can not call them with self

puts "a" → this is ok
self.puts "a" → NoMethodError

NOTE: When you defined a method inside irb, that method will be a method of Object class.
This means all other classes (what are an instance of Object) can use this method.

2.3.0 :056 > self
 => main
2.3.0 :057 > def my_func; 1; end
 => :my_func
2.3.0 :058 > Integer.my_func
 => 1
2.3.0 :059 > String.my_func
 => 1
2.3.0 :060 > "a".my_func
 => 1

4.7. Variables and Constants

4.7.1. Local variables and global variables

Local variables

2.3.0 :061 > v1 = 1
 => 1
2.3.0 :062 > class Bar
2.3.0 :063?>     p v1
2.3.0 :064?>   end
NameError: undefined local variable or method `v1' for Bar:Class

→ In above sample, we can not define class Bar because when defining it, we call variable v1.
v1 is defined in main but it can not be used inside other scope.

Other sample:

v1 = 1
class Bar2
  v2 = 2
  def method1; v1; end
  def method2; v2; end
end
b = Bar2.new
b.method1 → NoMethodError: undefined local variable or method `v1' for #<Bar2:0x007fc3ca1ea268>
b.method2 → NoMethodError: undefined local variable or method `v2' for #<Bar2:0x007fc3ca1ea268>

Global variables: add $ as the first character when define variable name

$v1 = 1
class Bar2
  $v2 = 2
  def method1; $v1; end
  def method2; $v2; end
end
b = Bar2.new
b.method1 → 1
b.method2 → 2

4.7.2. Instance variable

Use prefix @ when define variable name
Default is nil when variable is not initialized

@v1 = 1
class Bar
  @v2 = 2
  def method1; @v1; end
  def method2; @v2; end
end
b = Bar.new
b.method1 → nil
b.method2 → nil


class Bar2
  def initialize; @v3 = 3; end

  def method3; @v3; end
end
Bar2.new.method3 → 3

Auto generate getter, setter methods for instance variable by using attr_reader, attr_writer, attr_accessor, attr

Keyword	Meaning
attr_reader	Generate only setter method
attr_writer	Generate only getter method
attr_accessor	Generate both setter and getter
attr	Generate only getter

class B
  attr :var

  def initialize
    @var = 2
  end
end

b = B.new
b.var = 2
b.var

4.7.3. Class variables

Use prefix @@ when define variable name
Raise error when called uninitizalized variable

class Bar
  @@v1 = 1
  def v1; @@v1; end
  def v2; @@v2; end
end
b = Bar.new
b.v1 → 1
b.v2 → NameError

class Bar2 < Bar
  def new_v1; @@v1; end
end
b2 = Bar2.new
b2.new_v1 → 1

4.7.4. Nested scope of constants

In previous part, we investigated about Constant.

A = 1
p A → 1
A = 2 → warning
p A → 2

Constant can be not defined inside method

def func
  B = 1
end
→ SyntaxError: dynamic constant assignment

Nested scope of constants
- Normaly

module B; end
B::A = 1 → Ok
B::A::A = 1 → TypeError

Modulized

module M
  A = 1
  class B
    A = 2
  end
  class C
  end
end

M::A → 1
M::B::A → 2
M.constants
→ [:A, :B, :C]
M::B.constants
→ [:A]

const_missing

module M
  def self.const_missing(id)
    id
  end
end

M::UNEXISTED_CONSTANT
→ :UNEXISTED_CONSTANT