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言語処理100本ノック(2020): 48

Posted at
"""
## 48. 名詞から根へのパスの抽出[Permalink](https://nlp100.github.io/ja/ch05.html#48-名詞から根へのパスの抽出)

文中のすべての名詞を含む文節に対し,その文節から構文木の根に至るパスを抽出せよ. ただし,構文木上のパスは以下の仕様を満たすものとする.

- 各文節は(表層形の)形態素列で表現する
- パスの開始文節から終了文節に至るまで,各文節の表現を”` -> `“で連結する

「ジョン・マッカーシーはAIに関する最初の会議で人工知能という用語を作り出した。」という例文を考える. CaboChaを係り受け解析に用いた場合,次のような出力が得られると思われる.


    ジョンマッカーシーは -> 作り出した
    AIに関する -> 最初の -> 会議で -> 作り出した
    最初の -> 会議で -> 作り出した
    会議で -> 作り出した
    人工知能という -> 用語を -> 作り出した
    用語を -> 作り出した

KNPを係り受け解析に用いた場合,次のような出力が得られると思われる.


    ジョンマッカーシーは -> 作り出した
    AIに -> 関する -> 会議で -> 作り出した
    会議で -> 作り出した
    人工知能と -> いう -> 用語を -> 作り出した
    用語を -> 作り出した

"""
from collections import defaultdict
from typing import List


def read_file(fpath: str) -> List[List[str]]:
    """Get clear format of parsed sentences.

    Args:
        fpath (str): File path.

    Returns:
        List[List[str]]: List of sentences, and each sentence contains a word list.
                         e.g. result[1]:
                            ['* 0 2D 0/0 -0.764522',
                             '\u3000\t記号,空白,*,*,*,*,\u3000,\u3000,\u3000',
                             '* 1 2D 0/1 -0.764522',
                             '吾輩\t名詞,代名詞,一般,*,*,*,吾輩,ワガハイ,ワガハイ',
                             '\t助詞,係助詞,*,*,*,*,は,ハ,ワ',
                             '* 2 -1D 0/2 0.000000',
                             '\t名詞,一般,*,*,*,*,猫,ネコ,ネコ',
                             '\t助動詞,*,*,*,特殊・ダ,連用形,だ,デ,デ',
                             'ある\t助動詞,*,*,*,五段・ラ行アル,基本形,ある,アル,アル',
                             '\t記号,句点,*,*,*,*,。,。,。']
    """
    with open(fpath, mode="rt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        sentences = f.read().split("EOS\n")
    return [sent.strip().split("\n") for sent in sentences if sent.strip() != ""]


class Morph:
    """Morph information for each token.

    Args:
        data (dict): A dictionary contains necessary information.

    Attributes:
        surface (str): 表層形(surface)
        base (str): 基本形(base)
        pos (str): 品詞(base)
        pos1 (str): 品詞細分類1(pos1)
    """

    def __init__(self, data):
        self.surface = data["surface"]
        self.base = data["base"]
        self.pos = data["pos"]
        self.pos1 = data["pos1"]

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Morph({self.surface})"

    def __str__(self):
        return "surface[{}]\tbase[{}]\tpos[{}]\tpos1[{}]".format(
            self.surface, self.base, self.pos, self.pos1
        )


class Chunk:
    """Containing information for Clause/phrase.

    Args:
        data (dict): A dictionary contains necessary information.

    Attributes:
        chunk_id (str): The number of clause chunk (文節番号).
        morphs List[Morph]: Morph (形態素) list.
        dst (str): The index of dependency target (係り先文節インデックス番号).
        srcs (List[str]): The index list of dependency source. (係り元文節インデックス番号).
    """

    def __init__(self, chunk_id, dst):
        self.id = chunk_id
        self.morphs = []
        self.dst = dst
        self.srcs = []

    def __repr__(self):
        return "Chunk( id: {}, dst: {}, srcs: {}, morphs: {} )".format(
            self.id, self.dst, self.srcs, self.morphs
        )

    def get_surface(self) -> str:
        """Concatenate morph surfaces in a chink.

        Args:
            chunk (Chunk): e.g. Chunk( id: 0, dst: 5, srcs: [], morphs: [Morph(吾輩), Morph(は)]
        Return:
            e.g. '吾輩は'
        """
        morphs = self.morphs
        res = ""
        for morph in morphs:
            if morph.pos != "記号":
                res += morph.surface
        return res

    def validate_pos(self, pos: str) -> bool:
        """Return Ture if '名詞' or '動詞' in chunk's morphs. Otherwise, return False."""
        morphs = self.morphs
        return any([morph.pos == pos for morph in morphs])


def convert_sent_to_chunks(sent: List[str]) -> List[Morph]:
    """Extract word and convert to morph.

    Args:
        sent (List[str]): A sentence contains a word list.
                            e.g. sent:
                               ['* 0 1D 0/1 0.000000',
                                '吾輩\t名詞,代名詞,一般,*,*,*,吾輩,ワガハイ,ワガハイ',
                                '\t助詞,係助詞,*,*,*,*,は,ハ,ワ',
                                '* 1 -1D 0/2 0.000000',
                                '\t名詞,一般,*,*,*,*,猫,ネコ,ネコ',
                                '\t助動詞,*,*,*,特殊・ダ,連用形,だ,デ,デ',
                                'ある\t助動詞,*,*,*,五段・ラ行アル,基本形,ある,アル,アル',
                                '\t記号,句点,*,*,*,*,。,。,。']

    Parsing format:
        e.g. "* 0 1D 0/1 0.000000"
        | カラム | 意味                                                         |
        | :----: | :----------------------------------------------------------- |
        |   1    | 先頭カラムは`*`。係り受け解析結果であることを示す。          |
        |   2    | 文節番号(0から始まる整数)                                  |
        |   3    | 係り先番号+`D`                                              |
        |   4    | 主辞/機能語の位置と任意の個数の素性列                        |
        |   5    | 係り関係のスコア。係りやすさの度合で、一般に大きな値ほど係りやすい。 |

    Returns:
        List[Chunk]: List of chunks.
    """
    chunks = []
    chunk = None
    srcs = defaultdict(list)

    for i, word in enumerate(sent):
        if word[0] == "*":
            # Add chunk to chunks
            if chunk is not None:
                chunks.append(chunk)

            # eNw Chunk beggin
            chunk_id = word.split(" ")[1]
            dst = word.split(" ")[2].rstrip("D")
            chunk = Chunk(chunk_id, dst)
            srcs[dst].append(chunk_id)  # Add target->source to mapping list

        else:  # Add Morch to chunk.morphs
            features = word.split(",")
            dic = {
                "surface": features[0].split("\t")[0],
                "base": features[6],
                "pos": features[0].split("\t")[1],
                "pos1": features[1],
            }
            chunk.morphs.append(Morph(dic))

            if i == len(sent) - 1:  # Add the last chunk
                chunks.append(chunk)

    # Add srcs to each chunk
    for chunk in chunks:
        chunk.srcs = list(srcs[chunk.id])

    return chunks


def get_path(chunks: List[Chunk]) -> List[List[str]]:
    """Get all paths in one sentence.

    Terms:
        - 述語 (predicate)
        - 項 (argument)
        - 格 (case)

    Notice:
        - Chunk.morphsは「サ変接続名詞」と「を(助詞)」が持っている
        - Chunk.srcsはは「動詞」が持っている

    Args:
        chunks (List[Chunk]): A sentence contains many chunks.
            e.g. [Chunk( id: 0, dst: 5, srcs: [], morphs: [Morph(吾輩), Morph(は)] ),
                  Chunk( id: 1, dst: 2, srcs: [], morphs: [Morph(ここ), Morph(で)] ),
                  Chunk( id: 2, dst: 3, srcs: ['1'], morphs: [Morph(始め), Morph(て)] ),
                  Chunk( id: 3, dst: 4, srcs: ['2'], morphs: [Morph(人間), Morph(という)] ),
                  Chunk( id: 4, dst: 5, srcs: ['3'], morphs: [Morph(もの), Morph(を)] ),
                  Chunk( id: 5, dst: -1, srcs: ['0', '4'], morphs: [Morph(見), Morph(た), Morph(。)] )]

    Returns:
        List[List[str]]: [['どこで', '生れたか', 'つかぬ'], ['見当が', 'つかぬ']]
    """
    paths = []
    for chunk in chunks:
        # Skip if chunk is invalid
        if (
            not any([morph.pos == "名詞" for morph in chunk.morphs])
            or int(chunk.dst) == -1
        ):
            continue

        # Get path
        path = [chunk.get_surface()]
        dst = int(chunk.dst)
        while dst != -1:
            path.append(chunks[dst].get_surface())
            dst = int(chunks[dst].dst)
        paths.append(path)

    return paths


def write_to_file(sents: List[dict], path: str) -> None:
    """Write to file.

    Args:
        sents ([type]):
            e.g.   [[['吾輩は', '猫である']],
                    [['名前は', '無い']],
                    [['どこで', '生れたか', 'つかぬ'], ['見当が', 'つかぬ']]]
    """
    # convert_frame_to_text
    lines = []

    for sent in sents:
        for chunk in sent:
            lines.append(" -> ".join(chunk))

    # write_to_file
    with open(path, "w") as f:
        for line in lines:
            f.write(f"{line}\n")


fpath = "neko.txt.cabocha"
sentences = read_file(fpath)
sentences = [convert_sent_to_chunks(sent) for sent in sentences]  # ans41

# ans48
pattern_sents = [get_path(sent) for sent in sentences]
pattern_sents = list(filter(lambda x: len(x) != 0, pattern_sents))
write_to_file(pattern_sents, "noun_paths.txt")
# 吾輩は -> 猫である
# 名前は -> 無い
# どこで -> 生れたか -> つかぬ
# 見当が -> つかぬ
# 何でも -> 薄暗い -> 所で -> 泣いて -> 記憶している

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