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Pythonの便利技と注意点:format編

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format()もしくはf''の技

インデックスは順番になってなくてもよい上、複数回使用可能
>>> "{3} {0} {2} {1} {3} {0}".format("be", "not", "or", "to")
'to be or not to be'
フィールドは番号ではなく名前やインポートした名前でも使用可能
>>> from math import pi
>>> "{name}の値はおよそ{value:.2f}。".format(value=pi, name="π")
'πの値はおよそ3.14。'
無名フィールド、名前フィールドの混在も可能だが、名前フィールドを先に指定するとエラー
>>> "{} {} {} {foo}".format(1, 5, 10, foo=3)
'1 5 10 3'

>>> "{} {} {} {foo}".format(foo=3, 1, 5, 10)
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
位置フィールドと名前フィールドの混在も可能
>>> "{hoge} {1} {geho} {0}".format(1, 2, geho=4, hoge=3)
'3 2 4 1'
無名フィールドと位置フィールドを混在させるとエラーになる
>>> "{} {2} {} {3}".format(1, 2, 4, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#33>", line 1, in <module>
    "{} {2} {} {3}".format(1, 2, 4, 3)
ValueError: cannot switch from automatic field numbering to manual field specification
値の一部を使うこともできる
>>> fruits = ["Apple", "Orange"]
>>> "{name[0]}".format(name=fruits)
'Apple'
>>> "{name[1]}".format(name=fruits)
'Orange'
数値の型指定も可能
>>> "Int型:{num}".format(num=15)
'Int型:15'

>>> "Float型:{num:f}".format(num=15)
'Float型:15.000000'

>>> "2進数型:{num:b}".format(num=15)
'2進数型:1111'
変数には日本語も使えて当然計算も可能
>>> from math import pi
>>> 半径 = 3
>>> f'半径{半径}の円の面積は{pi * 半径 * 半径:.2f}です。'
'半径3の円の面積は28.27です。'

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