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std::string::nposの正体

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string::findで値が見つからなかった場合に返す値として定義されています。

Referenceより

static const size_type npos = -1;
This is a special value equal to the maximum value representable by the type size_type. The exact meaning depends on context, but it is generally used either as end of string indicator by the functions that expect a string index or as the error indicator by the functions that return a string index.

雑に訳せば「size_typeのとりうる最大値」となります。size_typeunsigned intで示されており、補数表現の最大値と-1が等価になるため、-1とされているのだと思います。

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