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3.15(標準) 正規分布3 (方針で偶関数,奇関数を解説)

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方針

偶関数,奇関数について解説する.

偶関数,奇関数


実数直線上に定義する関数f(x)が

f(-x)=f(x)

を満たす時,fは偶関数であると言い,fのグラフはy軸で対称となる.またf(x)が

f(-x)=-f(x)

を満たす時,fは奇関数であると言い,fのグラフは原点で対称となる.


奇関数の積分は0であることを用いる.

答案

g(x)=\frac{x^k}{\sqrt2\pi}\exp(-\frac{x^2}{2})

と置くと,kが奇数の時

\begin{align}
g(-x)&= \frac{(-x)^k}{\sqrt{\sqrt{2\pi}}}\exp(-\frac{(-x)^2}{2})\\
&= \frac{-x^k}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\exp(-\frac{x^2}{2})\\
&= -g(x)
\end{align}

より,gは奇関数なので

\mathbb{E}_{X\sim\mathcal{N}(0,1)}[X^k]=\int_{-\infty}^\infty g(x)dx=0

kが偶数の時,Y=X^2と置くと

\begin{align}
\mathbb{E}_{X\sim\mathcal{N}(0,1)}[X^k]&= \mathbb{E}_{Y\sim\chi_1^2}[Y^{k/2}]\\
&= \int_0^\infty\frac{(\frac{1}{2}^{1/2}}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})}y^{\frac{k+1}{2}-1}\exp(-\frac{1}{2}y)\\
&= \frac{(\frac{1}{2})^{1/2}}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{k+1}{2})}{(\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{k+1}{2}}}\int_0^\infty\frac{(\frac{1}{2})^{\frac{k+1}{2}}}{\Gamma(\frac{k+1}{2}}y^{\frac{k+1}{2}-1}\exp(-\frac{1}{2}y)dy\\
&= 2^{k/2}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{k+1}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})}
\end{align}

参考文献

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