とりあえずこれで
JobServiceのonStartJob()が即時呼ばれた
Android7以前とかだと
setBackoffCriteria()と
setRequiredNetworkType()
がないと動かなかった
JobInfo.Builder builder = new JobInfo.Builder(1, new ComponentName(getApplicationContext(), MyJobService.class));
builder.setBackoffCriteria(10000, JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_LINEAR);
builder.setExtras(new PersistableBundle());
builder.setPersisted(false);
builder.setRequiredNetworkType(JobInfo.NETWORK_TYPE_NONE);
JobScheduler scheduler = (JobScheduler) getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
scheduler.schedule(builder.build());
<service
android:name=".MyJobService"
android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE">
</service>