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Go言語(Golang)のRestAPIの基本(CRUD操作、認証)

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基本構造

  1. プロジェクトのセットアップ
    • Goモジュールの初期化
      go mod init example.com/myapi
      

メインファイルの作成

以下は、標準ライブラリのみを使った簡単なCRUD操作を含むRestAPIの例です。

package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
    "strconv"
    "strings"
)

type Item struct {
    ID   int    `json:"id"`
    Name string `json:"name"`
}

var items []Item

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/items", itemsHandler)
    http.HandleFunc("/items/", itemHandler)

    fmt.Println("Server listening on port 8000")
    http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

func itemsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    switch r.Method {
    case "GET":
        json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(items)
    case "POST":
        var item Item
        _ = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&item)
        item.ID = len(items) + 1
        items = append(items, item)
        json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(item)
    default:
        http.Error(w, "Method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
    }
}

func itemHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    idStr := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/items/")
    id, err := strconv.Atoi(idStr)
    if err != nil {
        http.NotFound(w, r)
        return
    }

    switch r.Method {
    case "GET":
        for _, item := range items {
            if item.ID == id {
                json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(item)
                return
            }
        }
        http.NotFound(w, r)
    case "PUT":
        for i, item := range items {
            if item.ID == id {
                var newItem Item
                _ = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&newItem)
                newItem.ID = id
                items[i] = newItem
                json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(newItem)
                return
            }
        }
        http.NotFound(w, r)
    case "DELETE":
        for i, item := range items {
            if item.ID == id {
                items = append(items[:i], items[i+1:]...)
                break
            }
        }
        json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(items)
    default:
        http.Error(w, "Method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
    }
}

認証の追加

認証を追加するには、JWTを利用するのが一般的です。以下に簡単な例を示します。

  1. JWTライブラリのインストール

    go get -u github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4
    
  2. JWT認証の実装

import (
    "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
    // その他のインポート
)

var jwtKey = []byte("my_secret_key")

type Claims struct {
    Username string `json:"username"`
    jwt.RegisteredClaims
}

func JwtVerify(next http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        tokenString := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
        claims := &Claims{}

        token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(tokenString, claims, func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
            return jwtKey, nil
        })

        if err != nil || !token.Valid {
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
            return
        }

        next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
    }
}

// ルートの使用例
// http.HandleFunc("/items", JwtVerify(itemsHandler))
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