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JavaScriptで配列から特定の値を含む要素を削除する

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完全一致の場合

const array = ["ねこ", "いぬ", "とり", "さる", "キジバト"];

const indexOfDog = array.indexOf("いぬ");

array.splice(indexOfDog, 1);

部分一致の場合

const array = ["ねこ", "いぬ", "とり", "さる", "キジバト"];

const indexOfPigeon = array.findIndex(animal => animal.includes("バト"))

array.splice(indexOfPigeon, 1);

どちらもインデックスを取得してからsplice()で削除する。
findIndex()は条件式がtrueになった最初の要素のインデックスしか取得しないので注意。
splice()の第一引数は削除する要素の位置、第二引数はそこから削除する要素の数。

参考

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