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Rustその2Advent Calendar 2018

Day 12

Rust の型変換イディオム

Last updated at Posted at 2018-12-16

Rust の型変換イディオム

この記事は Rustその2 Advent Calendar 2018 の 12 日目の記事です。

Option<String> to Option<&str>

let a: Option<String> = Some("0".to_string());
let b: Option<&str> = a.as_deref();
// または let b: Option<&str> = a.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref);

Option<Vec<T>> -> Option<&[T]>

let a: Option<Vec<u8>> = Some(vec![0]);
let b: Option<&[u8]> = a.as_deref();

Option<Rc<T>> -> Option<&T>, Option<Arc<T>> -> Option<&T>

Option::as_deref は Option の中の型が Deref トレイトを実装しているときに Deref::Target の参照へ変換できる

use std::rc::Rc;
let a: Option<Rc<u8>> = Some(Rc::new(0));
let b: Option<&u8> = a.as_deref();

Option<String> to &Option<&str>

let a: Option<String> = Some("0".to_string());
let b: Option<&str> = a.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref);
let c: &Option<&str> = &b;

Vec<String> to &[&str]

let a: Vec<String> = vec!["0".to_string()];
let b: Vec<&str> = a.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref).collect();
let c: &[&str] = b.as_ref();

Option<Vec<String>> -> &Option<&[&str]>

let a: Option<Vec<String>> = Some(vec!["0".to_string()]);
let b: Option<&[String]> = a.as_ref().map(AsRef::as_ref);
let c: Option<Vec<&str>> = b.map(|lst| lst.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
let d: Option<&[&str]> = c.as_ref().map(|lst| lst.as_ref());
let a: Option<String> = Some("0".to_owned());
let b: Option<&String> = a.as_ref();
let c: Option<&str> = b.map(|x| &**x);
let d: &Option<&str> = &c; //   ||||
                                |||+ x: &String
                                ||+ *x: String
                                |+ **x: str:  (*<String as Deref<Target = str>>::deref(*x))
                                + &**x: &str 

Option<T> to Option<&T>

let a: Option<i32> = Some(0);
let b: Option<&i32> = a.as_ref();

Result<T, E> to Result<&T, &E>

let a: Result<i32, ()> = Ok(0);
let b: Result<&i32, &()> = a.as_ref();

String -> &str

let a: String = "0".to_string();
let b: &str = &a.to_string()[..];
let a: String = "0".to_string();
let b: &str = &*a;

&str -> &str (文字列の先頭一致したいとき)

str に対して n 文字一致をしたいとき

let hoge = "hoge-huga".to_string();
match hoge.chars().take(5).collect::<String>().as_ref() {
    "hoge-" => { println!("hoge"); }
    "huga-" => { println!("huga"); }
    _ => { println!("err") }
}
  • str::get_unchecked を使いたいところだけど ascii 以外の文字列の場合、スライスの境界チェックができず unsafe

Result<T, E> -> Option<T>

let a: Result<i32, ()> = Ok(0);
let b: Option<i32> = a.ok();

Result<T, E> -> Option<E>

let a: Result<i32, ()> = Ok(0);
let b: Option<()> = a.err();

Option<T> -> Result<T, E>

let a: Option<i32> = Some(0);
let b: Result<i32, ()> = a.ok_or(());
let a: Option<i32> = Some(0);
let b: Result<i32, ()> = a.ok_or_else(|| ());

Option<T> -> Vec<T>

let a: Option<i32> = Some(0);
let b: Vec<i32> = a.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();

Option<T> -> Vec<&T>

let a: Option<i32> = Some(0);
let b: Vec<&i32> = a.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();

Vec<T> -> Option<T>

let a: Vec<i32> = vec![0];
let b: Option<i32> = a.into_iter().next();

Vec<T> -> Option<&T>

let a: Vec<i32> = vec![0];
let b: Option<i32> = a.first();

Option<Option<T>> -> Option<T>

let a: Option<Option<i32>> = Some(Some(0));
let b: Option<i32> = a.and_then(|opt| opt);

Result<Option<T>, E> -> Option<Result<T, E>>

let a: Result<Option<i32>, ()> = Ok(Some(0));
let b: Option<Result<i32, ()>> = match a {
    Ok(Some(x)) => Some(Ok(x)),
    Ok(None) => None,
    Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
};

Option<Result<T, E>> -> Result<Option<T>, E>

let a: Option<Result<i32, ()>> = Some(Ok(0));
let b: Result<Option<i32>, ()> = match self {
    Some(Ok(x)) => Ok(Some(x)),
    Some(Err(e)) => Err(e),
    None => Ok(None),
};

Vec<Result<T, E>> -> Result<Vec<T>, E>

let a: Vec<Result<i32, ()>> = vec![Ok(0), Err(())];
let b: Result<Vec<i32>, ()> = a.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(b, Err(()));

Vec<Option<T>> -> Option<Vec<T>>

let a: Vec<Option<i32>> = vec![Some(0), None];
let b: Option<Vec<i32>> = a.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(b, None);

&T -> &[T] (Tの参照から要素1のTのスライスの参照への変換)

let a: u32 = 0;
let a_slice: &[u32] = std::slice::from_ref(&a);

&str -> &[u8]

let a: &str = "0";
let b: &[u8] = a.as_bytes();

String -> Vec<u8>

let a: String = "0".to_string();
let b: Vec<u8> = a.into_bytes();

String -> Box<str>, Rc<str>, Arc<str>

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;

let a = String::from("a");

let s: Box<str> = Box::from(a.clone());
let s: Rc<str> = Rc::from(a.clone());
let s: Arc<str> = Arc::from(a.clone());

[u8] -> Box<[u8]>, Rc<[u8]>, Arc<[u8]>

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;

let s: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([1,2,3]);
let s: Rc<[u8]> = Rc::from([1,2,3]);
let s: Arc<[u8]> = Arc::from([1,2,3]);

Vec<u8> -> Box<[u8]>, Rc<[u8]>, Arc<[u8]>

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;

let s: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(vec![1,2,3]);
let s: Rc<[u8]> = Rc::from(vec![1,2,3]);
let s: Arc<[u8]> = Arc::from(vec![1,2,3]);

&[u8] -> &str

let a: &[u8] = &[48];
let b: &str = std::str::from_utf8(a).unwrap();
assert_eq!("0", b);

&Bytes -> &str

let b = bytes::Bytes::from("hello");
std::str::from_utf8(&b).unwrap();

Vec<u8> -> String

let a: Vec<u8> = vec![48];
let b: String = String::from_utf8(a).unwrap();
assert_eq!("0".to_string(), b);

String, &str -> u8, u16, u32 u64, usize, i8, i16, i32, i64, isize, f32, f64 (文字列から数値への変換)

let a: &str = "0";
let b: u8 = a.parse::<u8>().unwrap();

let a: String = "48".to_string();
let b: f64 = a.parse::<f64>().unwrap();

u8 -> u16 -> u32 -> u64 (安全なアップキャスト)

安全なアップキャスト

let a: u8 = 0;
let b: u16 = From::from(a);
let c = u32::from(b); // こういう風にも書ける
let d: u64 = From::from(c);

u64 -> u32 -> u16 -> u8 (安全なダウンキャスト)

let a: u64 = 255;
let b: u32 = TryFrom::try_from(a).unwrap();
let c: u16 = u16::try_from(b).unwrap(); // こうも書ける
let d: u8 = TryFrom::try_from(c).unwrap();

usize , isize を含む signed と unsigned 間のキャスト

num crate の ToPrimitiveFromPrimitive を使います

use num::FromPrimitive;
let a: Option<u8> = u8::from_usize(1_usize);
let a: Option<u8> = u8::from_isize(1_isize);
let a: Option<i8> = i8::from_u8(1_u8);
let a: Option<i64> = i64::from_usize(1_usize);

数値 -> String の桁ゼロ埋め (left-pad)

assert_eq!("00000110", format!("{:0>8}", "110"));
//                                |||
//                                ||+-- width
//                                |+--- align
//                                +---- fill

f64 -> i64

let a: f64 = 0.1;
let b: i64 = a.round() as i64;

任意の struct を Vec<u8> に変換

2通りある

対象の struct がすべて自分のクレートのとき => bincode + serde を使う

#[derive(Serialize, Default)]
struct MyStruct {
    id: u8,
    data: [u8; 1024],
}

fn main() {
    let my_struct = MyStruct::default();
    let bytes: Vec<u8> = bincode::serialize(&my_struct).unwrap();
}

対象の struct が別クレート or bindgen などで自動生成されていて、Sized(コンパイル時に大きさが決まっている) のとき => std::slice::from_raw_parts を使う

unsafe fn any_as_u8_slice<T: Sized>(p: &T) -> &[u8] {
    std::slice::from_raw_parts(
        (p as *const T) as *const u8,
        std::mem::size_of::<T>(),
    )
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct MyStruct {
    id: u8,
    data: [u8; 1024],
}

fn main() {
    let my_struct = MyStruct::default();
    let bytes: &[u8] = unsafe { any_as_u8_slice(&my_struct) };
    println!("{:?}", bytes);
}

unixtimestamp(millis) -> DateTime<UTC>

use chrono::offset::TimeZone;
let dt: Option<chrono::DateTime<Utc>> = chrono::Utc.timestamp_millis_opt(0).single();

DateTime<UTC> -> unixtimestamp(millis)

let timestamp: i64 = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp_millis();

ISO8601(RFC3339) -> DateTime<Utc>

let date = chrono::DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000000Z").unwrap().with_timezone(&chrono::Utc);

DateTime<Utc> -> ISO8601(RFC3339) (millis)

let date_str = chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true); // 2018-01-26T18:30:09.453Z"

"{}" -> Option<DateTime<Utc>

use chrono::{Utc, DateTime};

#[derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize, Debug)]
struct A {
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    #[serde(with = "chrono::serde::ts_milliseconds_option")]
    #[serde(default)] // 存在しないフィールドの default は None にするという指定
    pub time: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
}
#[test]
fn test_opt_unix_millis(){
    let json = r#"{"time": 0}"#;
    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<A>(json).unwrap().time.is_some());

    let json = r#"{"time": null}"#;
    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<A>(json).unwrap().time.is_none());

    let json = r#"{}"#;
    assert!(serde_json::from_str::<A>(json).unwrap().time.is_none());

    let obj = A{time: None};
    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&obj).unwrap(), r#"{}"#);
    
    let obj = A{time: Some(DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000000Z").unwrap().with_timezone(&Utc))};
    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&obj).unwrap(), r#"{"time":0}"#);
}

&'a str -> Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

驚くべきことに std::boxed::Box

impl<'a, '_> From<&'_ str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

実装しているので

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>> {
    let a_boxed_error: Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + '_> = "error!".into();
    Err(a_boxed_error)?;
    Ok(())
}

と書くことができる

String -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>

同上

let a_boxed_error: Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static> = Box::from("a".to_string());

impl std::error::Error -> std::io::Error + Send + Sync

とりあえず std::io::Error がほしいときにつかう

let io_err = std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, err);

Nullable かつ undefinedable なフィールドを含む JSON を シリアライズ | デシリアライズする

ts だと

interface Foo {
  a?: string | null;
}

json schema だと

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "a": { "type": ["string", "null"] }
  },
  "required": []
}

のような Nullable かつ undefinable な json があった場合、 js_option を使うこと。

#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")] を使った場合

serde の skip_serializing_if を使った場合、 シリアライズ時にはうまくいくが、デシリアライズ時に null と unefined の区別がつかない。

#[derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct A {
    // nullable
    a: Option<i32>,

    // undefinable
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    b: Option<i32>,

    // nullable かつ undefinable
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    c: Option<Option<i32>>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    d: Option<Option<i32>>,
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    e: Option<Option<i32>>,

    // nullable
    f: Option<Option<i32>>,
    g: Option<Option<i32>>,
    h: Option<Option<i32>>,
    
}

fn main() {
    let original = A{
        // nullable
        a:None,
        // undefinable
        b:None,
        // nullable かつ undefinable
        c: None, d: Some(None), e: Some(Some(0)),
        // nullable
        f: None, g: Some(None), h: Some(Some(0))
    };
    let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&original).unwrap();
    println!("{}", json);
    /*
    {
      "a": null,
      "d": null,
      "e": 0,
      "f": null,
      "g": null,
      "h": 0
    }
    */
    let parsed = serde_json::from_str::<A>(&json).unwrap();
    println!("{:?}", parsed);
    // A { a: None, b: None, c: None, d: None, e: Some(Some(0)), f: None, g: None, h: Some(Some(0)) }
    assert_eq!(original, parsed);
}

Vec<(String, String)> -> HashMap<String, String>

let a = [
  ("hoge".into(), "fuga".into()),
  ("foo".into(), "bar".into())
].into_iter().collect::<HashMap<String, String>>();

serde の enum に ToString と FromStr を実装する

#[derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
enum Foo {
  Hoge,
  Huga
}

impl ToString for Foo {
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        serde_json::to_value(self)
            .unwrap()
            .as_str()
            .unwrap()
            .to_string()
    }
}

impl std::str::FromStr for Foo {
    type Err = serde_json::Error;
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        serde_json::from_value(serde_json::Value::String(s.to_string()))
    }
}

HashMap<String, String> -> serde_json::map::Map<String, serde_json::Value>

let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = IntoIter::new([]).collect();
let map = hashmap
  .into_iter()
  .map(|(k, v)| (k, serde_json::Value::String(v)))
  .collect::<serde_json::map::Map<_, _>>();

HashMap<String, serde_json::Value> -> serde_json::map::Map<String, serde_json::Value>

let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = IntoIter::new([]).collect();
let map = hashmap
  .into_iter()
  .collect::<serde_json::map::Map<_, _>>();

HashMap<String, serde_json::Value> -> serde_json::Value::Object

let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = IntoIter::new([]).collect();
let map = hashmap
  .into_iter()
  .map(|(k, v)| (k, serde_json::Value::String(v)))
  .collect::<serde_json::map::Map<_, _>>();
let obj = serde_json::Value::Object(map);

HashMap<String, String> -> impl serde::Deserialize

serde_aux を使うと string を int などに変換できる

use serde_aux::prelude::*;

#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
struct Obj{
  #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_number_from_string")]
  id: i64,
  name: String,
}

let hashmap: HashMap<String, String> = IntoIter::new([]).collect();
let map = hashmap
  .into_iter()
  .map(|(k, v)| (k, serde_json::Value::String(v)))
  .collect::<serde_json::map::Map<_, _>>();
let obj = serde_json::Value::Object(map);
let o = serde_json::from_value::<Obj>(obj).unwrap();

serde_json::Value -> HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>

let json = serde_json::json!({});
let o = serde_json::from_value::<serde_json::map::Map<String, serde_json::Value>>(json)?;
let map = o.into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();

serde_json::Value -> HashMap<String, String>

let json = serde_json::json!({});
let o = serde_json::from_value::<serde_json::map::Map<String, serde_json::Value>>(json)?;
let map = o.into_iter().map(|(k,v)| serde_json::from_value::<String>(v).map(|v|(k,v))).collect::<Result<HashMap<_, _>, _>>()?;

STDIN -> String

let mut buf = String::new();
std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut buf).unwrap();

[&T] -> [T] where T: Copy

let a = [1, 2, 3_u8];
let v_copied: Vec<_> = a.iter().copied().collect();
// let v_copied: Vec<_> = a.iter().map(|a| *a).collect(); // 同等

[T] -> [T] where T: Clone

let a = ["1".to_string(), "2".to_string(), "3".to_string()];
let v_copied: Vec<String> = a.iter().cloned().collect(); // 要素ごとに clone して Vec にする
// let v_copied: Vec<_> = a.iter().map(Clone::clone).collect(); // 同等
// let v_copied: Vec<_> = a.iter().map(|a| a.clone()).collect(); // 同等
// let v_copied: Vec<_> = a.clone().into_iter().collect(); // 最初に全部 clone する

Stream<Item=T> -> Vec<T>

use futures::prelude::stream::StreamExt;
let src = futures::stream::iter(vec![1, 2, 3]);
let vct = src.collect::<Vec<_>>().await;

RangeInclusive<T> -> futures::stream::Stream<Item=T>

let stream = futures::stream::iter(1..=3);

Stream<Item=Bytes> -> tokio::io::AsyncRead -> Stream<Item=String>

非同期バイトストリームから改行ごとの文字列ストリームに変換する頻出パターン

use futures::stream::StreamExt;
use tokio::io::AsyncBufReadExt;

let src: BoxStream<'static, bytes::Bytes> = futures::stream::empty().boxed();
let aread = tokio_util::io::StreamReader::new(src);
let stream: BoxStream<'static, String> = tokio_stream::wrappers::LinesStream::new(aread.lines()).boxed();

tokio::io::AsyncReadfutures::io::AsyncRead の違いについては以下を参照

AsyncReadStreamAsyncWriteSink の違いについては次のブログが詳しい

tokio::io::AsyncRead <-> futures::io::AsyncRead

tokio_util::compat を使う

use tokio_util::compat::FuturesAsyncReadCompatExt
let tokio_aread = fut_aread.compat();

use tokio_util::compat::TokioAsyncReadCompatExt;
let fut_aread = tokio_aread.compat();

tokio::io::AsyncWrite <-> futures::io::AsyncWrite

同上

use tokio_util::compat::FuturesAsyncWriteCompatExt
let tokio_aread = fut_aread.compat();

use tokio_util::compat::TokioAsyncWriteCompatExt;
let fut_aread = tokio_aread.compat();

futures::stream::StreamExt <-> tokio_stream::StreamExt

  • 型変換は存在しない
  • 大本の futures:stream::Stream trait を実装していればどちらも使用可能

DynamoDB AttributeValue JSON -> plain JSON

[dependencies]
rusoto_dynamodb = { version = "0.48.0", features = ["serialize_structs", "deserialize_structs"] }
serde = { version = "1.0.138", features = ["derive"] }
serde_dynamo = { version = "4.0.3", features = ["rusoto_dynamodb+0_48"] }
serde_json = "1.0.82"
fn dynamodb_item_to_json(
    item: std::collections::hash_map::HashMap<String, rusoto_dynamodb::AttributeValue>,
) -> Result<serde_json::Value, serde_dynamo::Error> {
    let o = item
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(k, v)| {
            serde_dynamo::from_attribute_value::<rusoto_dynamodb::AttributeValue, serde_json::Value>(v)
                .map(|v| (k, v))
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, serde_dynamo::Error>>()?;
    let o = o.into_iter().collect::<serde_json::map::Map<String, serde_json::Value>>();
    Ok(serde_json::Value::from(o))
}

fn main() {
    let o = r#"{"hash_key":{"S":"hoge"}}"#;
    let o = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(o).unwrap();
    let o = serde_json::json!({"Item": o});
    let o = serde_json::from_value::<rusoto_dynamodb::GetItemOutput>(o).unwrap().item.unwrap();
    let o = dynamodb_item_to_json(o).unwrap();
    let o = serde_json::to_string(&o).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(o, r#"{"hash_key":"hoge"}"#);
}

*mut c_char -> &Cstr -> &str

use std::os::raw::c_char;
use std::ffi::CStr;

let char_ptr: *mut c_char;
let cstr: &CStr = CStr::from_ptr(char_ptr);
let str_: &str = cstr.to_str().unwrap();

&str -> CString -> *mut c_char

use std::ffi::CString;
use std::os::raw::c_char;

let str_: &str = "hoge";
let c_string: CString = CString::new(str_).unwrap();
let c_string_ptr: *const c_char = c_string.as_ptr();

*const u8 -> &[u8]

let a: *const u8 = std::ptr::null::<u8>();
let b: &u8 = unsafe{ &*a };
let c: &[u8] = std::slice::from_ref(b);

ヒープを使わず !Unpin なstack 変数を使った自己参照構造体の作り方

#[derive(Debug)]
struct A<'a> {
    a: [u8; 32],
    a_ref: std::pin::Pin<&'a [u8]>,
}
fn main() {
    let mut a = std::pin::pin!(A {
        a: [0; 32],
        #[allow(deref_nullptr)]
        a_ref: std::pin::Pin::new(std::slice::from_ref(unsafe{ &*std::ptr::null::<u8>() })),
    });
    a.a_ref = std::pin::Pin::new(&a.a);
    // dbg!(a); // cannot move out of `a` because it is borrowed
    dbg!(&a);
}

Vec<impl Into<JsValue>> -> Array

let arr = vec![0, 1]
  .into_iter()
  .map(js_sys::JsValue::from)
  .collect::<js_sys::Array>();
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