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チュートリアル
T11: Fake News Research: Theories, Detection Strategies, and Open Problems
Reza Zafarani, Xinyi Zhou, Kai Shu, Huan Liu
Tutorial page: https://www.fake-news-tutorial.com/
Slide: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/f31d05_9a90deb47a04427d98d35444f5b6fe45.pdf
(Reza Zafaran)
Introduction

Research backgraound
What is fake news
Related concepts
Fundamental theories.

Research background

fake news is now viewed as one of the greatest threats to democracy, justice, public trust, freedom of expression, journalism, Economy.
Political aspects :may have had as impact on brexirs referendum
2016 US presidencial aspect
Economic aspect.: Barak onbama was injured in an explosion wiped out $130 billion in stock value.

Social /psycological Aspects
For fake news, it is relatively easier to obtain public trust.
Validity effect
Confirmation bias
Peer pressure
Why is more attracting more public attention recently
created Faster and cheaper
The rise of social media
social media accelerates dissemination of fake news.

What is fake news , Related concepts

Fake news is intentionally and verifiably
Fake news
Authenticity : false , intention :bad, News: Yes
False news
Authenticity : false , intention :unknown, News: Yes

Fundamental theories.

Fundamental human cognition and behaivior theories developed across various disciplines such as philothophy, social science, and economic s provides invaluables insight for fake news studies .
Style based fundamental theories.
Propagation-based fundamental theories.: studying fake news based on how It spreads.

"Fake news is incorrect but hard to correct”

User-based fundamental theories.: studying fake news from perspective of user: how users engage with (or can play)

Fake news detection (outline)

Knowledge based Fake news detection
Style based Fake news detection
Propagation -based Fake news detection
Credibility based Fake news detection
Fake-news datasets & tools

Knowledge based Fake news detection
Its is also known as fact-checking
Manual-fact-checking
Expert-based manual fact-checkning
Fact-checkers: one or several domain-experts,
Crowd-sourced manual fact-checking
Fact-checkers: large-individual

Politifact, the Washington post fact checker , fact check scopes truthfiction, fullfaxt, hoxxstlayer

Expert-based manual fact-checking
Croud-sourced manual fact-checking
Automatic fact-checking
How to represent “knowledge”

Stage1: fact extraction

T1: Entity resolution (duplication/record linkage)
T2: Time recording to remove outdated knowledge
T3: knowledge fusion to handle conflicts (often in open-source knowledge extraction)
T4: credibility
T5: knowledge inference/Link prediction to infer news facts based on knowns ones
Relation machine learning: latent feature models,,, malcof random field

Stage2: fact checking: comparing knowledge between articles and knowledge graphs.

Knowledge inference for unknown SPO triples: illustrated studies.

Shortest path based method
discriminative path-based method
Knowledge inference

(Xinyi Zhou)
Fake news detection
Fake news :

A survey of research
Detection methods
oppotunities

Style-based fake news detection

The good
It can detect fake news before propagation
It can detect “real” fake news...

The way to detect
Style representaion
Style classification
Traditional ML : SVM, RF, XGboost
DL Framework

Multi-modal
Explainable representative
performance

Fake news early detection : A theory-driven model

Interpretability
Empirical relations
Writing style
Level: lexicon, feature: BOWs
Level: syntax, feature: POS tags CFGs,
Level: discourse, feature: POS tags RRs
Frequency: absolute? Standardized ? Relatives by using TF-IDF.
Multi-modal
Event-invariant
Input: imagem text
decoder: Fake-news detector Event-discrimitor

Propagation-based Fake News Detection

The challenges

Algorism transparency : writing style can be manipulated
Golden datasets with reliable lables: multi-label , domain lanuguage,
Diffrent types of fake news:
Model explain-ability

The good: Massive auxiliary information can be utilized for comprehensive detecting
News cascade
Homogenous Network
Stance Network

Credibility based Fake news detection

Headline Credibility & Clickbait detection
User credibility & Bot detection

Low > Malicious users
User credibility score > susceptible users: Unintentionally engage in fake news activity
High > insusceptible users: immure to fake news

The challenges

Fake news early detection
Empirical relationship between fake news and clickbait
Assessing user intention in fake news activities
(Kai Shu)

Beyond News Contents: The Role of Social Context for Fake News Detection

Fake News Detection – Multi-Source : A typical news dissemination system on social media

Entity: publishers, news, social engagement.
Tri-Relationship Embedding (TriFN)
News contents embedding
Social contexts embedding

we jointly combine news content embedding and social context embedding for fake news detection

Datasets: FakeNewsNet with information for news contents, social context and ground truth labels from fact-checking websites

Summary

Social context information brings additional signals to fake news detection
It is important to capture the relations among publishers, news pieces, and users to detect fake news
The proposed TriFN framework is effective to model tri-relationships through heterogeneous network embedding

Unsupervised Fake News Detection: A Generative Approach
Unsupervised Fake News Detection

news detection method by modeling user opinions and user credibility
Model:
The hierarchical user engagement structure: We build a hierarchical user engagement structure for each news

Deep Headline Generation for Clickbait Detection
Background:
Existing approaches: extracting hand-crafted linguistic features or building sophisticated predictive models such as deep neural networks
Problem:
Scale: datasets with labels are often limited
Distribution: imbalanced distribution of clickbaits and non-clickbaits
Headline Generation from Documents
Goal: Generate stylized headlines that also preserve document contents
Model: Generator Learning: a document autoencoder , a headline generator
Discriminator Learning: a transfer discriminator , a style discriminator , a pair discriminator
Summary:
We study the problem of generating clickbaits/nonclickbaits from original documents for clickbait detection
We propose a novel deep generative model with adversarial learning

Fake News Datasets & Tools

Data repository: FakeNewsNet, [Github], [Kaggle], [Paper]

Additional

KDD2019 Poster session
dEFEND: Explainable Fake News Detection

A new framework for the Novel problem of explainable fake news detection
Achieve higher saccuracy than the state-of-the-art fake news detection method
Discover explainable news sentences and user comments to understand