constexpr

constexpr

docker 起動

bash

$ docker run -v /Users/ogawakiyoshi/n4910:/Users/ogawakiyoshi/n4910 -it kaizenjapan/n4910 /bin/bash

cpp1.cpp

cpp1.cpp

constexpr int f(); 
constexpr bool b1 = noexcept(f()); // false, undefined constexpr function
constexpr int f() { return 0; }
constexpr bool b2 = noexcept(f()); // true, f() is a constant expression
void f(int& i) // not a constexpr function
{
    i = 0;
}
constexpr void g(int& i) // well-formed since C++23
{
    f(i); // unconditionally calls f, cannot be a constant expression
}
static constexpr int const& x = 42; // constexpr reference to a const int object
                                    // (the object has static storage duration
                                    //  due to life extension by a static reference)
int main()
{
  cout <<  "constexpr" << endl;
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;;

}

Compile

bash

$ clang++ cpp1.cpp -std=03 -o cpp1l -I. -Wall
cpp1.cpp:6:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int f2(); 
^
cpp1.cpp:7:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr bool b1 = noexcept(f2()); // false, undefined constexpr function
^
cpp1.cpp:8:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int f2() { return 0; }
^
cpp1.cpp:9:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr bool b2 = noexcept(f2()); // true, f() is a constant expression
^
cpp1.cpp:14:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr void g(int& i) // well-formed since C++23
^
cpp1.cpp:18:8: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
static constexpr int const& x = 42; // constexpr reference to a const int object
       ^
6 errors generated.
$ clang++ cpp1.cpp -std=2b -o cpp1l -I. -Wall
cpp1.cpp:7:16: warning: unused variable 'b1' [-Wunused-const-variable]
constexpr bool b1 = noexcept(f2()); // false, undefined constexpr function
               ^
cpp1.cpp:9:16: warning: unused variable 'b2' [-Wunused-const-variable]
constexpr bool b2 = noexcept(f2()); // true, f() is a constant expression
               ^
cpp1.cpp:18:29: warning: unused variable 'x' [-Wunused-variable]
static constexpr int const& x = 42; // constexpr reference to a const int object
                            ^
3 warnings generated.
constexpr

$ g++ cpp1.cpp -std=03 -o cpp1g -I. -Wall
cpp1.cpp:6:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    6 | constexpr int f2();
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:7:21: warning: identifier 'noexcept' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    7 | constexpr bool b1 = noexcept(f2()); // false, undefined constexpr function
      |                     ^~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:6:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    6 | constexpr int f2();
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:6:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp1.cpp:7:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    7 | constexpr bool b1 = noexcept(f2()); // false, undefined constexpr function
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:7:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp1.cpp:8:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    8 | constexpr int f2() { return 0; }
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:8:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp1.cpp:9:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    9 | constexpr bool b2 = noexcept(f2()); // true, f() is a constant expression
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:9:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp1.cpp:14:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
   14 | constexpr void g(int& i) // well-formed since C++23
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:14:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp1.cpp:18:8: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
   18 | static constexpr int const& x = 42; // constexpr reference to a const int object
      |        ^~~~~~~~~
cpp1.cpp:18:8: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'

$ g++ cpp1.cpp -std=2b -o cpp1g -I. -Wall
cpp1.cpp: In function 'constexpr void g(int&)':
cpp1.cpp:16:6: error: call to non-'constexpr' function 'void f(int&)'
   16 |     f(i); // unconditionally calls f, cannot be a constant expression
      |     ~^~~
cpp1.cpp:10:6: note: 'void f(int&)' declared here
   10 | void f(int& i) // not a constexpr function
      |      ^

cpp2.cpp

cpp2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
 
// C++11 constexpr functions use recursion rather than iteration
constexpr int factorial(int n)
{
    return n <= 1 ? 1 : (n * factorial(n - 1));
}
 
// C++14 constexpr functions may use local variables and loops
#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
constexpr int factorial_cxx14(int n)
{
    int res = 1;
    while (n > 1)
        res *= n--;
    return res;
}
#endif // C++14
 
// literal class
class conststr
{
    const char* p;
    std::size_t sz;
public:
    template<std::size_t N>
    constexpr conststr(const char(&a)[N]): p(a), sz(N - 1) {}
 
    // constexpr functions signal errors by throwing exceptions
    // in C++11, they must do so from the conditional operator ?:
    constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const
    {
        return n < sz ? p[n] : throw std::out_of_range("");
    }
 
    constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz; }
};
 
// C++11 constexpr functions had to put everything in a single return statement
// (C++14 doesn't have that requirement)
constexpr std::size_t countlower(conststr s, std::size_t n = 0,
                                             std::size_t c = 0)
{
    return n == s.size() ? c :
        'a' <= s[n] && s[n] <= 'z' ? countlower(s, n + 1, c + 1) :
                                     countlower(s, n + 1, c);
}
 
// output function that requires a compile-time constant, for testing
template<int n>
struct constN
{
    constN() { std::cout << n << '\n'; }
};
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << "4! = " ;
    constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
 
    volatile int k = 8; // disallow optimization using volatile
    std::cout << k << "! = " << factorial(k) << '\n'; // computed at run time
 
    std::cout << "the number of lowercase letters in \"Hello, world!\" is ";
    constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
 
    constexpr int a[12] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    constexpr int length_a = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int); // std::size(a) in C++17,
                                                    // std::ssize(a) in C++20
    std::cout << "array of length " << length_a << " has elements: ";
    for (int i = 0; i < length_a; ++i)
        std::cout << a[i] << " ";
}

Compile ＆ Go

bash

$ clang++ cpp2.cpp -std=03 -o cpp2l -I. -Wall
cpp2.cpp:5:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int factorial(int n)
^
cpp2.cpp:28:5: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'; did you mean 'conststr'?
    constexpr conststr(const char(&a)[N]): p(a), sz(N - 1) {}
    ^~~~~~~~~
    conststr
cpp2.cpp:22:7: note: 'conststr' declared here
class conststr
      ^
cpp2.cpp:28:15: error: constructor cannot have a return type
    constexpr conststr(const char(&a)[N]): p(a), sz(N - 1) {}
    ~~~~~~~~~ ^~~~~~~~
cpp2.cpp:32:5: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'; did you mean 'conststr'?
    constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const
    ^~~~~~~~~
    conststr
cpp2.cpp:22:7: note: 'conststr' declared here
class conststr
      ^
cpp2.cpp:32:15: error: cannot combine with previous 'type-name' declaration specifier
    constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const
              ^
cpp2.cpp:37:5: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'; did you mean 'conststr'?
    constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz; }
    ^~~~~~~~~
    conststr
cpp2.cpp:22:7: note: 'conststr' declared here
class conststr
      ^
cpp2.cpp:37:20: error: non-friend class member 'size_t' cannot have a qualified name
    constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz; }
              ~~~~~^
cpp2.cpp:37:20: error: field has incomplete type 'conststr'
cpp2.cpp:22:7: note: definition of 'conststr' is not complete until the closing '}'
class conststr
      ^
cpp2.cpp:37:26: error: expected ';' at end of declaration list
    constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz; }
                         ^
                         ;
cpp2.cpp:34:16: error: no viable conversion from returned value of type 'const char' to function return type 'conststr'
        return n < sz ? p[n] : throw std::out_of_range("");
               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
cpp2.cpp:22:7: note: candidate constructor (the implicit copy constructor) not viable: no known conversion from 'const char' to 'const conststr &' for 1st argument
class conststr
      ^
cpp2.cpp:42:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr std::size_t countlower(conststr s, std::size_t n = 0,
^
cpp2.cpp:42:22: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
constexpr std::size_t countlower(conststr s, std::size_t n = 0,
                     ^
                     ;
cpp2.cpp:60:5: error: no template named 'constN'
    constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
    ^
cpp2.cpp:66:12: error: use of undeclared identifier 'countlower'
    constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
           ^
cpp2.cpp:66:41: error: use of undeclared identifier 'out2'; did you mean 'out1'?
    constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
                                        ^~~~
                                        out1
cpp2.cpp:60:26: note: 'out1' declared here
    constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
                         ^
cpp2.cpp:66:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'constN'; did you mean 'const'?
    constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
    ^~~~~~
    const
cpp2.cpp:66:5: error: expected unqualified-id
cpp2.cpp:68:5: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
    constexpr int a[12] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
    ^
cpp2.cpp:69:5: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
    constexpr int length_a = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int); // std::size(a) in C++17,
    ^
19 errors generated.
$ clang++ cpp2.cpp -std=2b -o cpp2l -I. -Wall
4! = 24
8! = 40320
the number of lowercase letters in "Hello, world!" is 9
array of length 12 has elements: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 
$ g++ cpp2.cpp -std=03 -o cpp2g -I. -Wall
cpp2.cpp:5:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    5 | constexpr int factorial(int n)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
cpp2.cpp:5:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
cpp2.cpp:5:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp2.cpp:28:5: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type; did you mean 'conststr'?
   28 |     constexpr conststr(const char(&a)[N]): p(a), sz(N - 1) {}
      |     ^~~~~~~~~
      |     conststr
cpp2.cpp:28:5: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp2.cpp:32:5: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type; did you mean 'conststr'?
   32 |     constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const
      |     ^~~~~~~~~
      |     conststr
cpp2.cpp:32:5: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp2.cpp:37:5: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type; did you mean 'conststr'?
   37 |     constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz; }
      |     ^~~~~~~~~
      |     conststr
cpp2.cpp:37:5: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp2.cpp:42:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type; did you mean 'conststr'?
   42 | constexpr std::size_t countlower(conststr s, std::size_t n = 0,
      | ^~~~~~~~~
      | conststr
cpp2.cpp:42:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
cpp2.cpp: In function 'int main()':
cpp2.cpp:60:23: error: a function call cannot appear in a constant-expression
   60 |     constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
      |                       ^
cpp2.cpp:60:24: error: template argument 1 is invalid
   60 |     constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
      |                        ^
cpp2.cpp:63:33: error: 'factorial' was not declared in this scope
   63 |     std::cout << k << "! = " << factorial(k) << '\n'; // computed at run time
      |                                 ^~~~~~~~~
cpp2.cpp:66:38: error: a function call cannot appear in a constant-expression
   66 |     constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
      |                                      ^
cpp2.cpp:66:39: error: template argument 1 is invalid
   66 |     constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
      |                                       ^
cpp2.cpp:68:5: error: 'constexpr' was not declared in this scope; did you mean 'conststr'?
   68 |     constexpr int a[12] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
      |     ^~~~~~~~~
      |     conststr
cpp2.cpp:69:14: error: expected ';' before 'int'
   69 |     constexpr int length_a = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int); // std::size(a) in C++17,
      |              ^~~~
      |              ;
cpp2.cpp:71:40: error: 'length_a' was not declared in this scope
   71 |     std::cout << "array of length " << length_a << " has elements: ";
      |                                        ^~~~~~~~
cpp2.cpp:73:22: error: 'a' was not declared in this scope
   73 |         std::cout << a[i] << " ";
      |                      ^
cpp2.cpp:60:26: warning: unused variable 'out1' [-Wunused-variable]
   60 |     constN<factorial(4)> out1; // computed at compile time
      |                          ^~~~
cpp2.cpp:66:41: warning: unused variable 'out2' [-Wunused-variable]
   66 |     constN<countlower("Hello, world!")> out2; // implicitly converted to conststr
      |                                         ^~~~

$ g++ cpp2.cpp -std=2b -o cpp2g -I. -Wall
4! = 24
8! = 40320
the number of lowercase letters in "Hello, world!" is 9
array of length 12 has elements: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 

c1.cpp

ソース：上記

c1.cpp

// https://cpprefjp.github.io/lang/cpp11/constexpr.html
#include <cassert>

constexpr int square(int x)
{
  return x * x;
}

int main()
{
  constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
  static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");

  int runtime_result = square(3);
  assert(runtime_result == 9);
}

コンパイル

bash

# ../clgc.sh c1
$ clang++ c1.cpp -std=03 -o c1l -I. -Wall
c1.cpp:3:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int square(int x)
^
c1.cpp:10:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
  ^
2 errors generated.
$ clang++ c1.cpp -std=2b -o c1l -I. -Wall

$ g++ c1.cpp -std=03 -o c1g -I. -Wall
c1.cpp:3:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    3 | constexpr int square(int x)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:11:3: warning: identifier 'static_assert' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   11 |   static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:3:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    3 | constexpr int square(int x)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:3:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c1.cpp: In function 'int main()':
c1.cpp:10:3: error: 'constexpr' was not declared in this scope
   10 |   constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:11:17: error: 'compile_time_result' was not declared in this scope
   11 |   static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
      |                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:11:3: error: 'static_assert' was not declared in this scope
   11 |   static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1.cpp:13:24: error: 'square' was not declared in this scope
   13 |   int runtime_result = square(3);
      |                        ^~~~~~

$ g++ c1.cpp -std=2b -o c1g -I. -Wall

出力する。

c1a.cpp

// https://cpprefjp.github.io/lang/cpp11/constexpr.html
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdlib>

using namespace std;

constexpr int square(int x)
{
  return x * x;
}

int main()
{
  constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
  cout <<   compile_time_result << endl;

  static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
  cout <<   compile_time_result << endl;
  int runtime_result = square(3);
  assert(runtime_result == 9);
  cout <<   runtime_result << endl;
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;;

}

コンパイル結果　

$ clang++ c1a.cpp -std=03 -o c1al -I. -Wall
c1a.cpp:8:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int square(int x)
^
c1a.cpp:15:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
  ^
2 errors generated.
$ clang++ c1a.cpp -std=2b -o c1al -I. -Wall
9
9
9

$ g++ c1a.cpp -std=03 -o c1ag -I. -Wall
c1a.cpp:8:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    8 | constexpr int square(int x)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:18:3: warning: identifier 'static_assert' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   18 |   static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:8:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    8 | constexpr int square(int x)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:8:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c1a.cpp: In function 'int main()':
c1a.cpp:15:3: error: 'constexpr' was not declared in this scope
   15 |   constexpr int compile_time_result = square(3);
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:16:13: error: 'compile_time_result' was not declared in this scope
   16 |   cout <<   compile_time_result << endl;
      |             ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:18:3: error: 'static_assert' was not declared in this scope
   18 |   static_assert(compile_time_result == 9, "result must be 9");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c1a.cpp:20:24: error: 'square' was not declared in this scope
   20 |   int runtime_result = square(3);
      |                        ^~~~~~

$ g++ c1a.cpp -std=2b -o c1ag -I. -Wall
9
9
9

意味のある出力　

これから検討

c2.cpp

c2.cpp

constexpr int min(int a, int b)
{
  // 条件分岐には条件演算子?:を使用する
  return a < b ? a : b;
}

constexpr int factorial(int n)
{
  // ループには再帰を使用する
  return n == 0 ? 1 : n * factorial(n - 1);
}

int main()
{
  constexpr int min_val = min(2, 3);
  static_assert(min_val == 2, "result must be 2");

  constexpr int factorial_val = factorial(5);
  static_assert(factorial_val == 120, "result muse be 120");
}

コンパイル

bash

$ clang++ c2.cpp -std=03 -o c2l -I. -Wall
c2.cpp:1:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int min(int a, int b)
^
c2.cpp:7:1: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
constexpr int factorial(int n)
^
c2.cpp:15:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr int min_val = min(2, 3);
  ^
c2.cpp:18:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr int factorial_val = factorial(5);
  ^
4 errors generated.
$ clang++ c2.cpp -std=2b -o c2l -I. -Wall

$ g++ c2.cpp -std=03 -o c2g -I. -Wall
c2.cpp:1:1: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    1 | constexpr int min(int a, int b)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:16:3: warning: identifier 'static_assert' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   16 |   static_assert(min_val == 2, "result must be 2");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:1:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    1 | constexpr int min(int a, int b)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:1:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c2.cpp:7:1: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    7 | constexpr int factorial(int n)
      | ^~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:7:1: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c2.cpp: In function 'int main()':
c2.cpp:15:3: error: 'constexpr' was not declared in this scope
   15 |   constexpr int min_val = min(2, 3);
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:16:17: error: 'min_val' was not declared in this scope
   16 |   static_assert(min_val == 2, "result must be 2");
      |                 ^~~~~~~
c2.cpp:16:3: error: 'static_assert' was not declared in this scope
   16 |   static_assert(min_val == 2, "result must be 2");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c2.cpp:18:12: error: expected ';' before 'int'
   18 |   constexpr int factorial_val = factorial(5);
      |            ^~~~
      |            ;
c2.cpp:19:17: error: 'factorial_val' was not declared in this scope
   19 |   static_assert(factorial_val == 120, "result muse be 120");
      |                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~

$ g++ c2.cpp -std=2b -o c2g -I. -Wall

c3.cpp

c3.cpp

class Integer {
  int value_;
public:
  constexpr Integer(int value)
    : value_(value) {}

  constexpr int get() const
  { return value_; }
};

int main()
{
  constexpr Integer x = 3;
  static_assert(x.get() == 3, "x value must be 3");
}

コンパイル　

bash

$ clang++ c3.cpp -std=03 -o c3l -I. -Wall
c3.cpp:4:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr Integer(int value)
  ^
c3.cpp:4:13: error: constructor cannot have a return type
  constexpr Integer(int value)
            ^~~~~~~
c3.cpp:7:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr int get() const
  ^
c3.cpp:13:3: error: unknown type name 'constexpr'
  constexpr Integer x = 3;
  ^
c3.cpp:13:20: error: expected ';' at end of declaration
  constexpr Integer x = 3;
                   ^
                   ;
c3.cpp:14:17: error: use of undeclared identifier 'x'
  static_assert(x.get() == 3, "x value must be 3");
                ^
6 errors generated.
$ clang++ c3.cpp -std=2b -o c3l -I. -Wall

$ g++ c3.cpp -std=03 -o c3g -I. -Wall
c3.cpp:4:3: warning: identifier 'constexpr' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
    4 |   constexpr Integer(int value)
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c3.cpp:14:3: warning: identifier 'static_assert' is a keyword in C++11 [-Wc++11-compat]
   14 |   static_assert(x.get() == 3, "x value must be 3");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
c3.cpp:4:3: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    4 |   constexpr Integer(int value)
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c3.cpp:4:3: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c3.cpp:7:3: error: 'constexpr' does not name a type
    7 |   constexpr int get() const
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c3.cpp:7:3: note: C++11 'constexpr' only available with '-std=c++11' or '-std=gnu++11'
c3.cpp: In function 'int main()':
c3.cpp:13:3: error: 'constexpr' was not declared in this scope
   13 |   constexpr Integer x = 3;
      |   ^~~~~~~~~
c3.cpp:14:17: error: 'x' was not declared in this scope
   14 |   static_assert(x.get() == 3, "x value must be 3");
      |                 ^
c3.cpp:14:3: error: 'static_assert' was not declared in this scope
   14 |   static_assert(x.get() == 3, "x value must be 3");
      |   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~

$ g++ c3.cpp -std=2b -o c3g -I. -Wall

参考資料　

constexprとconstを正しく使い分ける

C++、constexprのまとめ

constexprおじさん

Back to the C++11 constexpr: すべて大文字である保障のある文字列

constexpr と LUT

C++14 or later で constexpr で std::map 的にリードオンリー連想配列を作るメモ

【ポストコンパイル時定数計算】.NET系言語でconstexprを実現する研究【Mono.Cecil, AssemblyBuilder】

VS2015環境でconstexprな文字列操作

C++でコンパイル時合成数和

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constexprラムダ式に関するコンパイル結果のメモ

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C++ で関数の戻り値が constexpr かどうかを判定する

constexprの読み方

コンパイル時に1のみのビット数を定数化させる関数