$x('//*[text()="テキスト"]/ancestor::table[1]')
/ancestorでヒットした要素の親が全部取れて来るのでそこから::で選択，最初の要素を取ればclosestなものがある
また，次のようにも書けるが，こちらは要素の変更に弱い
$x('//table[tbody/tr/td/b/text()="テキスト"]')
`````
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