結論
.bashrcと.bashrc_profileファイルに以下を追加すればOK.
.bashrc
if [ -f /.dockerenv ]; then
PS1='[${debian_chroot:+($debion_chroot)}\u@\h:\w]\$'
fi
.bash_profile
source ~/.bashrc
補足
dockerコンテナを立ち上げると自動的にコンテナ内に.dockerenvというファイルが作られるので、そのファイルがあるかどうか判別して、あるときだけプロンプトに[ ]を追加.
dockerコンテナ内
[user@hostname:/]$cd /
[user@hostname:/]$ls -la
total 96
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 4 11:08 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 4 11:08 ..
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 4 11:07 .dockerenv
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 3 16:39 bazel
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 24 2018 boot
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 460 Mar 7 07:05 dev
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 7 07:05 etc
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 4 11:08 home
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 782 Sep 13 18:12 intelpython3-2019.0-047_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Nov 13 00:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:02 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:02 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:02 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 3 18:04 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 411 root root 0 Mar 7 07:05 proc
drwx------ 1 root root 4096 Feb 3 18:03 root
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 4 11:08 run
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 733 Jan 9 08:00 run_jupyter.sh
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jan 9 08:00 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:02 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Feb 2 13:11 sys
drwxrwxrwt 1 root root 4096 Mar 4 11:08 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Oct 18 21:02 usr
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 3 16:40 var
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Feb 3 18:04 workspace