子オブジェクトなので入力規則ではできない。
I woudl create a record triggered flow that would update a text field with the start date and end date (in text format) and the Parent recordId (so the field would look soomething like 2023-4-12/023-4-15/ParentId).
You can then use a matching rule and duplicate rule to find duplicates with an exact match on the text field