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微分方程式

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微分方程式

冷却方程式

室温が $T_r$ 度の部屋においた熱湯の温度変化率が、時刻 $t$ における熱湯の温度 $T(t)$ 度と室温との差 $(T - T_r)$ に比例するとき、次の問いに答えよ。

(1) 比例定数を $k > 0$ として、$T(t)$ に対する微分方程式を立てよ。

\frac{d T(t)}{dt} =-k(T - T_r)

(2) (1) の $T(t)$ に対する微分方程式の一般解を求めよ

\begin{align}
\int{\frac{1}{T(t) - T_r}}dT(t) &= -k \int dt \\
\log(T(t) - T_r) &= -kt + C \\
e ^ {\log(T(t) - T_r)} &= e ^ {-kt + C} \\
T(t) - T_r &= e ^ {-kt + C} \\
T(t) &= e ^ {-kt + C} + T_r
\end{align}

(3)

T_r = 20 \\
T(t) = e ^ {-kt + C} + 20 \\
T(0) = e ^ {-0k + C} + 20 = 100 \\
e ^ C = 80 \\
\log e ^ C = \log 80 \\
C = \log 80 \\
T(2) = e ^ {-2k + C} + 20 = 70 \\
e ^ {-2k} \cdot e ^ C = 50 \\
80 e ^ {-2k} = 50 \\

\log e ^ {-2k} = \log \frac{50}{80} \\
= \log \frac{5}{2^3} \\

-2k = \log 5 - 3 \log 2 \\
k = \frac{1}{2} (3 \log 2 - log 5) \\

T(t) = e ^ {-kt + C} + 20 \\
= e ^ {-kt} \cdot e ^ C + 20 \\
= 80 e ^ {-kt} + 20 = 40\\
4 e ^ {-kt} = 1\\
e ^ {-kt} = 2^{-2}\\
\log e ^ {-kt} = \log 2^{-2} \\
-\frac{1}{2} (3 \log 2 - log 5) t = - 2 \log 2 \\
(3 \log 2 - log 5) t = 4 \log 2 \\
t = 4 \cdot \frac{\log 2}{3 \log 2 - log 5} \\
= \frac{4}{3 - log_2 5} \\
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