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いろんな量子ゲートの行列表示と相互関係

Last updated at Posted at 2021-02-06

量子コンピューティングを勉強していて、よく量子ゲートの動作や量子回路の簡略化の方法を忘れるので、備忘録として投稿します。この分野を勉強する方々にも役に立つと幸いです。主に以下のページを参考にしました。
The basics of Quantum Computing
IBM | Quantum Computing

量子ゲートの行列表示

  • Pauli-X gate

$$
X = \left(\begin{matrix}
0 & 1 \\
1 & 0
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Pauli-Y gate

$$
Y = \left(\begin{matrix}
0 & -i \\
i & 0
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Pauli-Z gate

$$
Z = \left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -1
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Rx gate

$$
R_x(\theta) = e^{-i\frac{\theta}{2}X} = \left(\begin{matrix}
\cos(\frac{\theta}{2}) & -i\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) \\
-i\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) & \cos(\frac{\theta}{2})
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Ry gate

$$
R_y(\theta) = e^{-i\frac{\theta}{2}Y} = \left(\begin{matrix}
\cos(\frac{\theta}{2}) & -\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) \\
-\sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) & \cos(\frac{\theta}{2})
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Rz gate

$$
R_z(\theta) = e^{-i\frac{\theta}{2}Z} = \left(\begin{matrix}
e^{-i\frac{\theta}{2}} & 0 \\
0 & e^{i\frac{\theta}{2}}
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Phase gate

$$
S = \left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & i
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • $\frac{\pi}{8}$ gate (T gate)

$$
T = \exp{(i\pi / 8)} \left(\begin{matrix}
\exp{(-i\pi / 8)} & 0 \\
0 & \exp{(i\pi / 8)}
\end{matrix}\right) = \left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & \exp{(i\pi / 4)}
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • Hadamard gate

$$
H = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 1 \\
1 & -1
\end{matrix}\right)
$$

  • controlled not (またはCNOT、controlled X)
    第1量子ビットが制御ビット、第2量子ビットが標的ビットの場合の行列:

$$
CNOT_{1, 2} = \left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0
\end{matrix}\right)
$$
量子回路としての表示:
image.png

  • 任意のユニタリオペレータ$U$について、以下を満たすような実数$\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta$が存在する。

$$
U = e^{i\alpha}R_z(\beta)R_y(\gamma)R_z(\delta)
$$

相互関係

相互関係と呼ぶのかは知りませんが、ここでは同じ動作を示す量子回路の組をいくつか説明します。

1量子回路

  • $XZX = -Z$
  • $HXH=Z$
  • $HYH=-Y$
  • $HZH = X$
  • $HTH=R_x(\frac{\pi}{4})$
  • $SHZHS^\dagger = Y$
  • $S=T^2$
  • $XYX=-Y$
  • $XR_y(\theta)X=R_y(-\theta)$

2量子回路

  • controlled Rz gate =

$$
CNOT_{1,2} (I \otimes R_z(-\theta/2)) CNOT_{1,2} (I \otimes R_z(\theta/2))
$$
image.png
==
image.png

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