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@rhap

【MySQL5.6】完全外部結合(FULL OUTER JOIN)のやりかた

Last updated at Posted at 2016-08-08

※例となるようなSQLは一番下にあります。
SQLだけ知りたい方は、下部にある結論から読んでみてください。
→ 下部にある結論に飛ぶ

■ はじめに

MySQLで完全外部結合FULL OUTER JOINはまだ使えません。
ですので、同じ結果を得る別の方法を考える必要があります。
なお基礎知識は本当に基礎的なことなので、読み飛ばしていただいても大丈夫です。

■ 基礎知識

まず結合について、次の2テーブルを考えます。

テーブルA (table_a)

user_id user_name
100001 Miura
100002 Suzuki
100003 Kimura

テーブルB (table_b)

user_id synonym
100002 beast
100004 lizard

▼ INNER JOIN（内部結合）する

→ 両テーブルの共通行を結合する

● SQL

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    table_a AS a
        INNER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id
;

● 出力結果

user_id user_name user_id synonym
100002 Suzuki 100002 beast

● テーブルイメージ

image11.png

▼ LEFT OUTER JOIN（左外部結合）する

→左側テーブルの全行と、右側テーブルの共通行を結合する ※OUTERは省略してOK

● SQL

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    table_a AS a
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id
;

● 出力結果

user_id user_name user_id synonym
100002 Suzuki 100002 beast
100001 Miura null null
100003 Kimura null null

● テーブルイメージ

image12.png

▼ RIGHT OUTER JOIN（右外部結合）する

→ 左側テーブルの共通行と、右側テーブルの全行を結合する ※OUTERは省略してOK

● SQL

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    table_a AS a
        RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id
;

● 出力結果

user_id user_name user_id synonym
100002 Suzuki 100002 beast
null null 100004 lizard

● テーブルイメージ

image13.png

▼ FULL OUTER JOIN（完全外部結合）する

→ 左側テーブルの全行と、右側テーブルの全行を結合する ※MySQLだと使えません

● SQL

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    table_a AS a
        FULL OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id
;

● 出力結果（たぶんこうなる）

user_id user_name user_id synonym
100002 Suzuki 100002 beast
100001 Miura null null
100003 Kimura null null
null null 100004 lizard

● テーブルイメージ

image14.png

▼ UNIONする

→ 2つのテーブルを重複抜きしながら結合する
※2つのテーブルは列数と列の内容を合わせる必要があります

● SQL

SELECT 
    a.user_id AS user_id
FROM
    table_a AS a
UNION SELECT 
    b.user_id AS user_id
FROM
    table_b AS b
;

● 出力結果

user_id
100001
100002
100003
100004

▼ UNION ALLする

→ 2つのテーブルを重複抜きせず結合する
※2つのテーブルは列数と列の内容を合わせる必要があります

● SQL

SELECT 
    a.user_id AS user_id
FROM
    table_a AS a
UNION ALL SELECT 
    b.user_id AS user_id
FROM
    table_b AS b
;

● 出力結果

user_id
100001
100002
100003
100002
100004

▼ ためしにそれっぽくUNIONしてみる

● SQL

SELECT 
    a.user_id AS user_id
    , a.user_name AS user_name
    , NULL AS synonym
FROM
    table_a AS a
UNION SELECT 
    b.user_id AS user_id
    , NULL AS user_name
    , b.synonym AS synonym
FROM
    table_b AS b
;

● 出力結果

user_id user_name synonym
100001 Miura null
100002 Suzuki null
100003 Kimura null
100002 null beast
100004 null lizard
※本当はuser_id: 100002が1行になってほしいのに2行のままなのでダメ

■ 実現方法

はじめにもどってMySQLでFULL OUTER JOINはまだ使えないので、
別の方法で実現することを考えます。ついでに実行速度も計測します。

使用したMySqlのバージョン: 5.6.32

▼ 準備

CREATE SCHEMA `sandbox`;
USE `sandbox`;
CREATE TABLE city_list_2010 (
    city_code CHAR(5) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    city_name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE city_list_2005 (
    city_code CHAR(5) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    city_name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE mutex (
    i INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
);
INSERT INTO mutex values (0), (1);

・ここから2010年と2005年それぞれのファイルについて、
　『都道府県・市区町村コード』と『都道府県・市区町村名』をとってきます
　http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000001037709

▼ 1. UNIONと非排他なJOIN

● UNIONで重複抜きしつつ結合する

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code 
UNION SELECT 
    *
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code
;

※ LEFT OUTER JOINのみ（RIGHT OUTER JOINを使わない）版

SELECT 
    cl2010.*
    , cl2005.*
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code 
UNION SELECT 
    cl2010.*
    , cl2005.*
FROM
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code
;

▼ 2. UNION ALLと排他なJOIN

● UNION ALLで結合してWHEREで重複抜きする

SELECT 
    *
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code 
UNION ALL SELECT 
    *
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code
WHERE
    cl2010.city_code IS NULL
;

※ LEFT OUTER JOINのみ（RIGHT OUTER JOINを使わない）版

SELECT 
    cl2010.*
    , cl2005.*
FROM
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code 
UNION ALL SELECT 
    cl2010.*
    , cl2005.*
FROM
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code
WHERE
    cl2010.city_code IS NULL
;

▼ 3. mutex tableをつかう

SELECT 
    cl2010.*, cl2005.*
FROM
    mutex
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010 ON i = 0
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON i = 1 OR cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    city_list_2010 AS cl2010_2 ON i = 1 AND cl2010_2.city_code = cl2005.city_code
WHERE
    cl2005.city_code IS NULL OR cl2010_2.city_code IS NULL
;

■ 実現方法のベンチマーク

▼ 1. UNIONと非排他なJOIN

$ mysqlslap --user=rhap --password --create-schema=sandbox --concurrency=50 --iterations=100 --query "SELECT * FROM city_list_2010 AS cl2010 LEFT OUTER JOIN city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code UNION SELECT * FROM city_list_2010 AS cl2010 RIGHT OUTER JOIN city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code;"

Benchmark
        Average number of seconds to run all queries: 0.565 seconds
        Minimum number of seconds to run all queries: 0.545 seconds
        Maximum number of seconds to run all queries: 0.977 seconds
        Number of clients running queries: 50
        Average number of queries per client: 1

▼ 2. UNION ALLと排他なJOIN

$ mysqlslap --user=rhap --password --create-schema=sandbox --concurrency=50 --iterations=100 --query "SELECT * FROM city_list_2010 AS cl2010 LEFT OUTER JOIN city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code UNION ALL SELECT * FROM city_list_2010 AS cl2010 RIGHT OUTER JOIN city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code WHERE cl2010.city_code IS NULL;"

Benchmark
        Average number of seconds to run all queries: 0.307 seconds
        Minimum number of seconds to run all queries: 0.295 seconds
        Maximum number of seconds to run all queries: 0.537 seconds
        Number of clients running queries: 50
        Average number of queries per client: 1

▼ 3. mutex tableをつかう

$ mysqlslap --user=rhap --password --create-schema=sandbox --concurrency=50 --iterations=100 --query "SELECT cl2010.*, cl2005.* FROM mutex LEFT OUTER JOIN city_list_2010 AS cl2010 ON i = 0 LEFT OUTER JOIN city_list_2005 AS cl2005 ON i = 1 OR cl2010.city_code = cl2005.city_code LEFT OUTER JOIN city_list_2010 AS cl2010_2 ON i = 1 AND cl2010_2.city_code = cl2005.city_code WHERE cl2005.city_code IS NULL OR cl2010_2.city_code IS NULL;"

Benchmark
        Average number of seconds to run all queries: 27.726 seconds
        Minimum number of seconds to run all queries: 27.470 seconds
        Maximum number of seconds to run all queries: 28.201 seconds
        Number of clients running queries: 50
        Average number of queries per client: 1

■ 結論

・MySQLでFULL OUTER JOINしたいときは
まずUNION ALLしてWHERE ... IS NULLしてみてください。

● 結合の対象となるテーブル

テーブルA (table_a)

user_id user_name
100001 Miura
100002 Suzuki
100003 Kimura

テーブルB (table_b)

user_id synonym
100002 beast
100004 lizard

● SQL

SELECT 
    a.user_id AS user_id,
    a.user_name AS user_name,
    b.synonym AS synonym
FROM
    table_a AS a
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id 
UNION ALL SELECT 
    b.user_id AS user_id,
    a.user_name AS user_name,
    b.synonym AS synonym
FROM
    table_a AS a
        RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id
WHERE
    a.user_id IS NULL
ORDER BY user_id
;

※ LEFT OUTER JOINのみ（RIGHT OUTER JOINを使わない）版

SELECT 
    a.user_id AS user_id,
    a.user_name AS user_name,
    b.synonym AS synonym
FROM
    table_a AS a
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    table_b AS b ON b.user_id = a.user_id 
UNION ALL SELECT 
    b.user_id AS user_id,
    a.user_name AS user_name,
    b.synonym AS synonym
FROM
    table_b AS b
        LEFT OUTER JOIN
    table_a AS a ON b.user_id = a.user_id
WHERE
    a.user_id IS NULL
ORDER BY user_id
;

● 出力結果

user_id user_name synonym
100001 Miura null
100002 Suzuki beast
100003 Kimura null
100004 null lizard

なおこの文章はどこにでも載っている情報ですが、mutex tableが試したかったから書きました
参照サイト: http://www.xaprb.com/blog/2006/05/26/how-to-write-full-outer-join-in-mysql/
※『mutex tableはUNIONをサポートしていない古いバージョン向け』と参照サイトにあるように早いわけでもありませんでした
※UNION ALLしたあとuser_idでGROUP BYしてSELECTするときMAX()するとかは考えるまでもなく遅いはず
※個人的には、テーブルは左に足していくものという頭があるので、RIGHT OUTER JOINは極力使いません（というか使っているところ初めて見た

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