Mac OS X El Capitan にpyenv, pyenv-virtualenv, jupyterを入れて環境構築する話．
Install pyenv, pyenv-virtualenv
$ brew install pyenv pyenv-virtualenv
Install python and create virtual environment
$ PYTHON_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--enable-unicode=ucs2 --enable-framework=$(pyenv root)/versions/2.7.11" pyenv install 2.7.11
$ pyenv virtualenv 2.7.11 tech
PYTHON_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--enable-unicode=ucs2"をつけないと，あとでjupyter notebookでエラーになる↓
参考：http://qiita.com/sigmalogneko/items/b5c15f5229387bbfd53a
(test) foo-mbp:test foo$ jupyter notebook
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/test/bin/jupyter-notebook", line 7, in <module>
from notebook.notebookapp import main
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/notebook/notebookapp.py", line 30, in <module>
from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/__init__.py", line 66, in <module>
from zmq import backend
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/__init__.py", line 40, in <module>
reraise(*exc_info)
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/__init__.py", line 27, in <module>
_ns = select_backend(first)
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/select.py", line 27, in select_backend
mod = __import__(name, fromlist=public_api)
File "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/__init__.py", line 6, in <module>
from . import (constants, error, message, context,
ImportError: dlopen(/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/constants.so, 2): Symbol not found: _PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8
Referenced from: /Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/constants.so
Expected in: flat namespace
in /Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.10/envs/test/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/constants.so
こうなってしまったら，
$ pyenv uninstall 2.7.10
$ PYTHON_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--enable-unicode=ucs2" pyenv install 2.7.10
でやりなおし
また，PYTHON_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--enable-framework=$(pyenv root)/versions/2.7.11"はPythonをフレームワークモード（？）で動作させるためのオプション．これをやらないとmatplotlibがうまく動かない．バージョン番号は適宜変える．
virtual envを使っている場合はどのみちうまくいかないが（後述）
Use virtual environment
pyenv activate tech
Install jupyter
pip install jupyter
Matplotlib
iPython Notebook上で
import matplotlib.pyplot
すると，エラーになる．
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-1-c845eb879342> in <module>()
19
20 sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath('__file__')))))
---> 21 import handcraft_feature_extractor
22 #import text2vec
23 import config
/Users/foo/codes/pksha/chatbot-base/handcraft_feature_extractor.py in <module>()
1 #!/usr/bin/env python
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
----> 3 from feature_extractor import FeatureExtractor
4 import MeCab
5 import config
/Users/foo/codes/pksha/chatbot-base/feature_extractor.py in <module>()
3 import matplotlib
4 import numpy as np
----> 5 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
6 import MeCab
7 import re, pprint
/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.9/envs/pksha/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py in <module>()
112
113 from matplotlib.backends import pylab_setup
--> 114 _backend_mod, new_figure_manager, draw_if_interactive, _show = pylab_setup()
115
116 _IP_REGISTERED = None
/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.9/envs/pksha/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/__init__.pyc in pylab_setup()
30 # imports. 0 means only perform absolute imports.
31 backend_mod = __import__(backend_name,
---> 32 globals(),locals(),[backend_name],0)
33
34 # Things we pull in from all backends
/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.9/envs/pksha/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_macosx.py in <module>()
22
23 import matplotlib
---> 24 from matplotlib.backends import _macosx
25
26
RuntimeError: Python is not installed as a framework. The Mac OS X backend will not be able to function correctly if Python is not installed as a framework. See the Python documentation for more information on installing Python as a framework on Mac OS X. Please either reinstall Python as a framework, or try one of the other backends. If you are Working with Matplotlib in a virtual enviroment see 'Working with Matplotlib in Virtual environments' in the Matplotlib FAQ
http://matplotlib.org/faq/virtualenv_faq.html
を参考に，
PATHTOENV/bin/frameworkpythonを作成し，実行権限付与
~/.pyenv/versions/tech/bin/frameworkpython
#!/bin/bash
# what real Python executable to use
PYVER=2.7
PATHTOPYTHON=/usr/bin/
PYTHON=${PATHTOPYTHON}python${PYVER}
# find the root of the virtualenv, it should be the parent of the dir this script is in
ENV=`$PYTHON -c "import os; print os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(\"$0\"), '..'))"`
# now run Python with the virtualenv set as Python's HOME
export PYTHONHOME=$ENV
exec $PYTHON "$@"
$ chmod +x ~/.pyenv/versions/tech/bin/frameworkpython
この状態で
$ frameworkpython -m IPython notebook
でIPython Notebookを起動すると，import matplotlib.pyplotが動く．
frameworkpythonで，使用するpythonをsystemのものに置き換えている？
なので，今回の例にかぎらず，virtualenvのPythonを使うせいでエラーになっているっぽい問題に遭遇したら，代わりにframeworkpythonで実行してみるとよい．
しかし，
$ frameworkpython -m jupyter notebook
だとうまくいかない．
気持ち悪いのでなんとかしたい．
http://www.wirywolf.com/2016/01/pyplot-in-jupyter-inside-pyenv-on-el-capitan.html
を参考に，
$ jupyter --paths
config:
/Users/foo/.jupyter
/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.9/envs/pksha/etc/jupyter
/usr/local/etc/jupyter
/etc/jupyter
data:
/Users/foo/Library/Jupyter
/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/2.7.9/envs/pksha/share/jupyter
/usr/local/share/jupyter
/usr/share/jupyter
runtime:
/Users/foo/Library/Jupyter/runtime
data:の一番目，/Users/foo/Library/Jupyterの下に新しくKernelを定義する．
$ mkdir -p ~/Library/Jupyter/kernels/matplotlib
$ vi ~/Library/Jupyter/kernels/matplotlib/kernel.json
~/Library/Jupyter/kernels/matplotlib/kernel.json
{
"argv": [ "/Users/foo/.pyenv/versions/tech/bin/frameworkpython", "-m", "ipykernel",
"-f", "{connection_file}"],
"display_name": "matplotlib",
"language": "python"
}
これで，matplotlibという名前でKernelが定義された．
普通にjupyter notebookを実行して，
Jupyter Notebook上で作業するときに，Kernelをmatplotlibにしてやればよい．